When compared to free chlorine, chloramines represent an established secondary disinfectant that may be utilized reduce disinfection by-product formation and improve residual stability. Maintaining acceptable in distribution systems however challenging due potential high maintenance costs associated with uni-directional flushing swabbing. This study was designed identify the primary sources of ...

This paper describes the application of the recently developed metaheuristic algorithm for simultaneous analysis, design and optimization of Water Distribution Systems (WDSs). In this method, analysis is carried out using Colliding Bodies Optimization algorithm (CBO). The CBO is a population-based search approach that imitates nature’s ongoing search for better solutions. Also, design and cost ...

Introduction: As recommended by World Health Organization, consumption of the fungal contaminated water does not cause to serious infection, but may lead to healthy or aesthetic problems. The aim of this research was to assess the occurrence of fungi in water and its relationship with fecal indicator bacteria. Materials and Methods: 110 water samples were collected from different location of w...