At the onset of ripening, some fleshy fruits shift the dominant water import pathway from the xylem to the phloem, but the cause for the decline in xylem inflow remains obscure. This study found that xylem-mobile dye movement into grape berries decreased despite transient increases in berry growth and transpiration during early ripening, whereas outward dye movement continued unless the roots w...

One measure used in Sweden to mitigate eutrophication of waters is the construction of small wetlands (free water surface wetland for phosphorus retention [P wetlands]) to trap particulate phosphorus (PP) transported in ditches and streams. This study evaluated P retention dynamics in a newly constructed P wetland serving a 26-ha agricultural catchment with clay soil. Flow-proportional composit...

This chapter discusses definitions and classification of estuaries. It presents both the classical and more flexible definitions of estuaries. Then it discusses separate classifications of estuaries based on water balance, geomorphology, water column stratification, and the stratification–circulation diagram – Hansen–Rattray approach and the Ekman–Kelvin numbers parameter space. The most widely...

Selective tidal stream transport is hypothesized as a dominant mechanism by which larvae of marine animals move through estuarine openings. For larvae moving from the shelf to estuarine habitats, selective tidal stream transport proposes that larvae are higher in the water column during flood tide and lower in the water column during ebb tide. Although a number of studies conclude that selectiv...

San Francisco Bay is one of the most important estuaries on the west coast of the Americas. Its water quality is controlled primarily by strearnflow from the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. In fact, freshwater inflow from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta explains 86% of the salinity variability at the mouth of the San Francisco Bay estuary [klerson et al., 19891. The massive diversion of str...

Net ecosystem metabolism (NEM) is becoming a commonly used ecological indicator of estuarine ecosystem metabolic rates. Estuarine ecosystem processes are spatially and temporally variable, but the corresponding variability in NEM has not been properly assessed. Spatial and temporal variability in NEM was assessed in four western Gulf of Mexico shallow water estuaries. NEM was calculated from hi...

BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS In tropical recalcitrant seeds, their rapid transition from shedding to germination at high hydration level is of physiological interest but difficult to study because of the time constraint. In recalcitrant horse chestnut seeds produced in central Russia, this transition is much longer and extends through dormancy and dormancy release. This extended time period permits stu...

INTRODUCTION The classical work of Griffiths (1891) and Fredericq (1901) more than half a century ago showed that fresh-water animals are hypertonic to the media in which they live. If the body wall of a fresh-water animal is permeable to water the animal will suffer from an osmotic inflow of water. Overton (1904) first suggested that the excretory organ of a fresh-water animal helped to balanc...

Polyacrylamide (PAM) use in irrigation for erosion control has increased water infiltration and reduced soil erosion. This has improved runoff water quality via lower concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous, and pesticides, and decreased biological oxygen demand. Since non-toxic high molecular weight anionic PAMs removed clay size sediment particles in flowing water, we hypothesized that PAM wo...