Water distribution systems are complex interconnected networks that require extensive planning and maintenance to ensure that the drinking water is delivered to the consumers. Lack of adequate water supply in urban areas is due to aging water distribution systems and inadequate maintenance of this critical infrastructure (Bhave 2003). The reliability of such deteriorating systems is continually...

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) require nations to ensure adequate water supply for all. For Kazakhstan, this means that rural areas will need much stronger attention as they have been rather neglected in efforts to comply with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This study aims to establish a baseline data concerning the current situation in villages that will need interventions ...

Two typical rural water utilities in Beijing, China were chosen to describe the principles and applications of water safety plans (WSP), to provide a methodological guide for the actual application and improve the quality of rural drinking water quality, and to establish an appropriate method for WSP applied in rural water supply. Hazards and hazardous events were identified and risk assessment...

This paper introduces a surrogate model to identify an optimal exploitation scheme, while the western Jilin province was selected as the study area. A numerical simulation model of groundwater flow was established first, and four exploitation wells were set in the Tongyu county and Qian Gorlos county respectively so as to supply water to Daan county. Second, the Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) m...

This paper summarizes the currently available information on gasoline exposure to the general population. In general, the largest contribution to the time weighted exposures results from exposures while indoors, which are influenced by the outside air, indoor sources, and attached garages. Personal activities, including refueling and commuting, contribute significantly higher exposures but last...

The problem of chemically contaminated water supplies are in general terms followed by a description of three examples of water supply problems in China. A large-scale prospective epidemiological study, now in the early planning stages, to be carried out in China is also described.

Seventeen years ago we reported the public health success of reduced lead exposure of mothers in Glasgow, achieved between 1977 and 1980 by increasing the pH of the water supply from 6.3 to 9.0 with lime to reduce plumbosolvency.A further reduction in plumbosolvency has now been made by addition of orthophosphate to the water supply. We report here on striking changes in maternal blood lead con...

Surface water is the main source of fresh water supply in Ceará, lying in the semi-arid Northeast of Brazil.

In April 1994, chemical contamination of the River Severn aVected the water supply to a population of 160 000 in Worcestershire. During the incident the health authority free phone emergency helpline received 106 complaints of symptoms attributed to consumption of contaminated water. These complaints were important as they alerted the emergency incident team to the possibility of illness being ...

Computational modelling methods have been used to predict the risks from lead in drinking water across a simulated supply zone, for a range of plumbosolvency conditions and a range of extents of occurrence of houses having a lead pipe, on the basis of five risk benchmarking methods. For the worst case modelled (very high plumbosolvency and 90% houses with a lead pipe) the percentage of houses a...