As Foner (1999) explained, “Kinship ties are an effective way to cope with uncertainty and economic scarcity.” Granovetter (1973) defined the “strength” of an interpersonal tie as being a function of the “amount of time, the emotional intensity, the intimacy (mutual confiding), and the reciprocal services which characterize the tie.” Individuals build and cultivate both strong and weak interper...

Localized wave oscillations in an open system that do not decay or grow time, despite their frequency lying within a continuous spectrum of radiation modes carrying energy to from infinity, are known as bound states the continuum (BIC). Small perturbations typically delicate conditions for BIC almost always result waves weakly coupling with modes, leading leaky called quasi-BIC have large quali...

the reciprocal degree distance (rdd)‎, ‎defined for a connected graph $g$ as vertex-degree-weighted sum of the reciprocal distances‎, ‎that is‎, ‎$rdd(g) =sumlimits_{u,vin v(g)}frac{d_g(u)‎ + ‎d_g(v)}{d_g(u,v)}.$ the reciprocal degree distance is a weight version of the harary index‎, ‎just as the degree distance is a weight version of the wiener index‎. ‎in this paper‎, ‎we present exact formu...

LetX be a Banach space with dualX∗, and letK be a nonempty subset ofX. A gauge function is a continuous strictly increasing function φ : R → R such that φ 0 0 and limt→∞φ t ∞. The duality mapping Jφ : X → X∗ associated with a gauge function φ is defined by Jφ x : {f ∈ X∗ : 〈x, f〉 ‖x‖‖f‖, ‖f‖ φ ‖x‖ }, x ∈ X, where 〈·, ·〉 denotes the generalized duality pairing. In the particular case φ t t, the ...

Neural feedback-triads consisting of two feedback loops with a non-reciprocal lateral connection from one loop to the other are ubiquitous in the brain. We show analytically that the dynamics of this network topology are determined by two algebraic combinations of its five synaptic weights. Thus different weight settings can generate equivalent network dynamics. Exploration of network activity ...

It is known that neurons can project topographically to their target area, and reciprocal projections back from the target area are typically aligned with the forward projection. However, the wide terminal arbors of individual axons limit the precision of such anatomical reciprocity. This leaves open the question of whether more precise reciprocal connectivity is obtainable through the adjustme...

This paper gives a sharp lower bound on the spectral radius ρ(A) of a reciprocal Perron–Frobenius matrix A ∈ M2g(Z), and shows in particular that ρ(A) ≥ (3 + √ 5)/2. This bound supports conjectures on the minimal entropy of pseudo-Anosov maps. The proof is based on a study of the curve complex of a directed graph.

Collinear third-harmonic generation at 526.7 nm was realized by the simultaneous phase matching of two second-order processes in a single quadratic crystal: second-harmonic generation (SHG) and sum-frequency mixing (SFM). The measured conversion efficiency was 12%. As a nonlinear medium a LiNbO(3) nonlinear photonic crystal with short-range order was used that allowed simultaneous phase matchin...

this study investigated the effect of reciprocal teaching (rt) on efl learners’ reading comprehension. fifty intermediate learners participated in the study and were sampled as the experimental (n = 25) and control groups (n = 25). participants were male and ranged in age from 15 to 16. the reading section of key english test (ket, 2010) was used as the pretest to assess the participants’ entry...

The present study examined whether neurons in primary motor cortex (M1) exhibit similar responses to transient and continuous loads applied during posture. Rapid responses to whole-limb perturbations were examined by transiently applying (300 ms) flexor and extensor torques to the shoulder and/or elbow during postural maintenance. Over half of M1 neurons responded to these transient loads withi...