Multipoint relays have been introduced in the proactive protocol OLSR in order to optimize the flooding overhead of control traffic. In this paper we show that multipoint relaying can be used as well in reactive protocols in order to save overhead in route discovery. To this end we specify a very simple reactive protocol called MPRDV (Multipoint Relay Distance Vector protocol). In MPRDV route r...

This work concerns on experimentally investigation of surfactant flooding in fractured porous media. In this study a series of water and surfactant injection processes were performed on micromodels initially saturated with a heavy crude oil. Eight fractured glass micromodels were used to illustrate effects of surfactant types and concentrations on oil recovery efficiency in presence of fracture...

1 Plant species are known to segregate along small-scale flooding gradients. We tested whether differences in flooding duration can also result in genetic differentiation in the clonal species Ranuneu/us replans, which naturally grows in both a lakeside microhabi tat and a landside microhabitat with shorter periods of flooding. 2 We compared traits related to fitness, and clonal life-history tr...

Ad Hoc networks are self-organizing wireless networks, absent any fixed infrastructure. Nodes in such networks communicate through radio transmissions of limited range, sometimes requiring the use of intermediate nodes to reach a destination. Nodes in ad hoc networks are also limited in their power supply and wireless bandwidth. Node mobility further complicates the environment. A communication...

The deficiency of oxygen in water during submergence is one of the frequently perceived environmental factors that limits or hampers production of the rice cultivation. Rice plants comprise of elongated submerged tissues that help to bear with the rise of water level in natural location. This characteristic helps the plant to deal with flooding stress. The mechanism on flooding tolerance and ad...

Flooding causes destruction of shelter and disruption of activity in animals occupying subterranean nests. To ensure their survival organisms have evolved various responses to combat this problem. In this study we examine the response of an Indian ant, Diacamma indicum, to nest flooding during the monsoon season. Based on characterization of nest location, architecture and the response of these...

A successful cross-linked polymer flooding has been implemented in JD reservoir, an ordinary heavy oil reservoir with high permeability zones. For all that, there are still significant volumes of continuous oil remaining in place, which can not be easily extracted due to stronger vertical heterogeneity. Considering selective plugging feature, polymer enhanced foam (PEF) flooding was taken as fo...

Broadcasting is a fundamental and effective data dissemination mechanism, which has several applications such as route discovery, address resolution, as well as many other network services. While data broadcasting has many advantages, it induces some difficulties known as broadcast storm problems, which are natural consequences of redundant retransmission, collision, and contention. Data broadc...

the effects of 450-days of flooding on morphological and gas exchanges responses were investigated under controlled conditions for populus deltoides (colon 77.51) and taxodium distichum seedlings. seedlings were subjected to three outdoor treatments: not flooded (control), flooded to 3 cm above the soil surface (shallow flooded), and flooded to 15 cm above the soil surface (deep flooded). flood...

various researches on laboratory and field scale illustrate that manipulating the ionic composition and the ion concentration of injected water can affect the efficiency of water flooding and the interaction of injected water with rock and other fluids present in porous media. the objectives of this paper are to investigate parameters that affect low salinity water flooding; mainly the effect o...