Few replies get published. Many that do get published could be more effective. A reply can be effective only if it is published, readable, and credible. This article suggests guidelines for writing good replies. The guidelines begin with things to keep in mind—for example, that you might be wrong—and things to do before you begin to write. The latter include considering not responding, consider...

Although 12-step literature posits inconsiderate behaviors to characterize alcoholics and addicts, there is little data to support this association among adolescent populations. Using a matched-pair study design with 579 youth aged 14-18 (52% female, 30% minority), a significant, dose-response relationship was found between greater alcohol and drug use severity and increased likelihood of drivi...

Introduction Imagine, for a second, a doorman that behaves as automatic doors do. He does not acknowledge you when you pass by, or approach. He gives no hint which door can or will open—until you wander within 10 feet of the door, whereupon he flings the door wide open. If you arrived after hours, you might stand in front of the doors for awhile before you understood that the doors are locked, ...

Driving under the influence of substances (DUI) other than alcohol has been the subject of increasing interest over the past few decades (Schulze et al., 2012). As with alcohol, research has shown that drug intake increases the risk of road traffic accidents (Elvik, 2013; Schulze et al., 2012; Verstraete & Legrand, 2014). Intervention in this area is a priority. A key factor for deterring DUI i...

In this article I examine the constraints that skeptical hypotheses must satisfy in order to be used to raise significant skeptical challenges. I argue that skeptical hypotheses do not have to be logically, metaphysically or epistemically possible. They only need to depict scenarios that are subjectively indistinguishable from the actual world and must provide some indication of how subjects ca...

Incremental algorithms are often used to interleave the work of a garbage collector with the execution of an application program, the intention being to avoid long pauses. However, overestimating the worst-case storage needs of the program often causes all the garbage collection work to be performed in the beginning of the garbage collection cycles, slowing down the application program to an un...

a design discharge is an important issue in the design process of pressurized irrigation networks. underestimating the desing discharge affect, the required pressure and offtake discharge, increase the cost of the network. because of the lack of a standard and reliable method for this propuse, usually different approches are used by designers. the network fails to provide the required flow rate...

Invariant assertions play an important role in the analysis and documentation of while loops of imperative programs. Invariant functions and invariant relations are alternative analysis tools that are distinct from invariant assertions but are related to them. In this paper we discuss these three concepts and analyze their relationships. The study of invariant functions and invariant relations ...