Wind pollination is predominantly a derived condition in angiosperms and is thought to evolve in response to ecological conditions that render animal pollination less advantageous. However, the specific ecological and evolutionary mechanisms responsible for transitions from animal to wind pollination are poorly understood in comparison with other major reproductive transitions in angiosperms, i...

this paper is an attempt to numerical modeling and experimental study of air flow in the yazdi wind-towers. wind towers has been known as one of the most effective climatic elements in iranian traditional architecture. this paper is an attempt to evaluating yazdi wind-tower to discussion the two main questions: 1. what is the role of orientation of wind-towers span, regarding to climate and hei...

The oceans of the Earth work in concert with the atmosphere to control and regulate the environment. Fed by the sun, the interaction of land, ocean, and atmosphere produces the phenomenon of weather and climate. Only in the past half-century meteorologists have begun to understand weather patterns well enough to produce relatively accurate, although limited, forecasts of future weather patterns...

Abstract. Doppler sonar observations of surface velocity are analysed to extract an rms velocity scale related to flow patterns persisting for at least a minute, and having advection velocities within an adjustable "window" of the mean advection rate. The resulting velocity scale is related to the wind and waves over the course of the twenty days available from the SWAPP data set. The correlati...

• How large of an effect can the temporal variation of wind power have on the value of wind in different wind resource areas? • Which locations are affected most positively or negatively by the seasonal and diurnal timing of wind speeds? • How compatible are wind resources in the Pacific Northwest and California with wholesale power prices and loads in either region? • Can modeled/estimated win...

a r t i c l e i n f o Pleistocene Lake Bonneville of the western U.S. and its associated alluvial systems present a unique opportunity to understand the relationship between prevailing winds of the time, lake circulation, and river incision. The lake underwent a catastrophic flooding event ∼ 18,300 yr B.P. resulting in the incision of streams entering the lake along its eastern border. Incision...

Understanding the situation, behavior and the nature of sand dunes and also their location, transport and deposition are very important. On the other hand, the importance of sand dunes is due to the impacts that they have on water and soil resources, flora and fauna and human infrastructure. This study, looks at the development patterns of sand dunes in Mesr erg region. In the first part, data ...

Currently there are few observations of the urban wind field at heights other than rooftop level. Remote sensing instruments such as Doppler lidars provide wind speed data at many heights, which would be useful in determining wind loadings of tall buildings, and predicting local air quality. Studies comparing remote sensing with traditional anemometers carried out in flat, homogeneous terrain o...

Wind scatterometry is an important technique for retrieving high-resolution nearsurface wind information in ocean areas where other techniques provide sparse coverage. Scatterometer winds are principally ambiguous in wind direction. In this paper a variational method for ambiguity removal, named 2DVAR, is presented. 2DVAR performs an incremental analysis based on the ambiguous scatterometer win...

It is important to improve the accuracy of wind speed forecasting for wind parks management and wind power utilization. In this paper, a novel hybrid approach known as WTT-TNN is proposed for wind speed forecasting. In the first step of the approach, a wavelet transform technique (WTT) is used to decompose wind speed into an approximate scale and several detailed scales. In the second step, a t...