1. Space Radiation Environment and Modeling • The Earth’s geomagnetic field and its effect on high-energy, ionizing particles including electrons, protons, and some heavy ions • The Earth's trapped radiation environment and Trapped radiation models, the characteristics of the Van Allen belts and South Atlantic Anomaly • Effects of trapped radiation on spacecraft and components • Space Weather c...

The potential of forests or narrow belts of trees alongside surface transport corridors for reducing noise is often dismissed. Partly this is a consequence of conflicting experimental evidence. But also it is the result of incomplete understanding of the various attenuation mechanisms involved and, therefore, of how they could be exploited and used together in tree planting schemes. First exper...

A toroidal, nonlinear, electrostatic fluid-kinetic hybrid electron model is formulated for global gyrokinetic particle simulations of driftwave turbulence in fusion plasmas. Numerical properties are improved by an expansion of the electron response using a smallness parameter of the ratio of driftwave frequency to electron transit frequency. Linear simulations accurately recover the real freque...

SIR,-Mr. R. C. Peatfield (30 July, p. 305) points out that lap-belts are insufficient protection by themselves, and reports cases of rupture of the small intestine produced by them as a result of an accident. He suggests that safety-belts should indude support to the shoulders. I am in full agreement with this, but would like to add a proviso that all safety-belts should be so designed that the...

The geological complexities of contractional orogenic belts have been studied for two centuries, yet our understanding of them is still rapidly changing. Most mountain belts form at or near the active edges of continents and/or fringing island arcs. Virtually all result from consumption of lithospheric plates, involving the underflow of oceanic crust, and the consequent transport and descent of...

ABSTRACT We analyse spectra measured by the Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper (JIRAM, a payload element of NASA Juno mission) in 3150–4910 cm−1 (2.0–3.2 μm) range during perijiove passage 2016 August. Despite modelling uncertainties, quality and relative uniformity data set allow us to determine several parameters characterizing Jupiter’s upper troposphere latitude 35°S–30°N. Ammonia humidity at 5...

[1] Venus Express (VEX) has been monitoring key nightglow emissions and thermal features (O2 IR nightglow, NO UV nightglow, and nightside temperatures) which contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the global dynamics and circulation patterns above ∼90 km. The nightglow emissions serve as effective tracers of Venus’ middle and upper atmosphere global wind system due to their variable pea...

I report a facile wet-chemical method for the synthesis of one-dimensional copper hydroxide nitrate nanostructures in 2-propanol under solvothermal conditions. Single-crystalline nearly monodispersed copper hydroxide nitrate nanorods and nanobelts with selected breadths in the range of 100 nm to 1 μm have been successfully prepared by a solvothermal method through controlling the experimental p...

There is strong evidence in favor for zonal flow suppression of the Ion-Temperature-Gradient (ITG) mode turbulence, specifically close to the linear stability threshold. The present letter attempts to analytically calculate the effects of zonal flow suppression of the ITG turbulence through deriving a modified dispersion relation including the back-reaction of the zonal flows on the ITG turbule...

A new imaging system format is presented which permits near-zero values for all the classical Seidel aberrations at relative apertures faster than f/1, with field angles of up to 7°arc, ~10 resolved pixels, a 600nm bandwidth in the visible/NIR, and zero vignetting. Performance is limited only by high-order aberrations. The only fullaperture component is a spherical mirror; all other surfaces ar...