Rayleigh distillation models are developed to describe theoretical growth zoning of Lu, Hf, Rb, Sr, Sm, and Nd in typical garnet crystals from metapelites and metabasites. Effects of diffusion-limited transport within the matrix and intracrystalline diffusion are also considered qualitatively. Theoretical zoning profiles show strong depletions of Lu in garnet rims compared to cores, but virtual...

Parks and protected area managers use zoning to decrease interpersonal conflict between recreationists. Zoning, or segregation, of recreation-often by non-motorized and motorized activity-is designed to limit physical interaction while providing recreation opportunities to both groups. This article investigated the effectiveness of zoning to reduce recreation conflict in the Vail Pass Winter Re...

Many small-scale private forest owners increasingly focus their management on amenity functions rather than on wood production functions. This paradigm shift is an opportunity to implement novel forestry management approaches, such as forested land zoning. Forest zoning consists in separating the land base in three zones that have different management objectives: (1) conservation zones; (2) eco...

This paper describes the benchmark proposed for the IFAC Conference on Advances in PID Controllers (PID’12) at the end of july 2011. It is expected that this benchmark allows researchers to test their recent developments in the design of PID controllers. Two approaches to the boiling process were provided; the first ready to test a multivariable PID controller and the second ready to test PID c...

This paper presents an approach where the Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is employed to get optimum PID controller parameters to control of a SCARA robot. PSO is an evolutionary technique which is originated from swarm intelligence. A practical application of the PSO-PID controller is performed with the system dynamics. A simulation study is also included with the proposed controller by usin...

Optimal zoning of protected natural areas is important for conserving ecosystems. It is an NP-hard problem which is difficult to solve by using common geographic information system (GIS) functions. Another problem is that existing optimization methods ignore potential land-use dynamics in formulating optimal patterns. This article has developed a new method for solving complicated zoning proble...

Zircon and monazite from granitic sheets and dikes in the Monashee complex, Canadian Cordillera, were investigated to determine whether igneous crystallization occurred at 1.9 Ga or 50 Ma with 1.9 Ga inherited zircon and monazite. Four of the five samples are weakly deformed to undeformed, despite occurring in a gneiss dome at the structurally deepest exposed level of the orogen that elsewhere ...

We use a GIS-based agent-based model (ABM), named dynamic ecological exurban development (DEED), with spatial data in hypothetical scenarios to evaluate the individual and interacting effects of lot-size zoning and municipal land-acquisition strategies on possible forest-cover outcomes in Scio Township, a municipality in Southeastern Michigan. Agent types, characteristics, behavioural methods, ...

The use of form-based codes for commercial signage regulation, as an alternative to conventional zoning codes, is a growing conversation with planners, designers, lawyers and the sign industry. The purpose of this study is to address a knowledge gap in the conversation—how different signage code applications impact users’ aesthetic perceptions of urban streetscapes. This study evaluates aesthet...

A variety of control systems have been proposed for aircraft autopilot systems. Traditional approaches such as proportional controller and conventional PID (CPID) controller are widely used. PID controller has a good static performance especially for linear and time-invariant systems, but a weak dynamic performance and discouraging function on nonlinear, time-varying, and uncertain systems. Fuz...