Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediated activation of the nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway by mastitis initiates expression of genes associated with inflammation and the innate immune response. In this study, the profile of mastitis-induced differential gene expression in the mammary tissue of Chinese Holstein cattle was investigated by Gene-Chip microarray and bioinformat...

In this study, we aim to investigate the effects of electroacupuncture on the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in microglia. Male Wistar rat of SPF grade (weighing 200 ± 20 g) were randomly divided into (i): sham control group, which was subjected to sham operation (ii) vehicle group, which underwent the occlusion of middle cerebral artery; (iii-v): acupuncture groups, which were subjected to the o...

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is important in promoting the immune response in various cancers. Recently, TLR4 is highly expressed in a stage-dependent manner in gastric cancer, but the regulatory mechanism of TLR4 expression has been not elucidated it. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying regulation of TLR4 expression through promoter methylation and histone modification between transc...

The Nrf2 anti-oxidant response element (ARE) pathway plays an important role in regulating cellular anti-oxidants. Under normal cellular conditions Nrf2 can be described as an anti-tumor molecule due to its induction of cytoprotective genes which protect cells from electrophile and oxidative damage. However in cancerous cells, Nrf2 takes on a pro-tumoral identity as the same cytoprotective gene...

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are critical to vascular smooth muscle cell migration in vivo. The dysregulation of MMPs is involved in the pathogenesis of abnormal arterial remodeling, aneurysm formation and atherosclerotic plaque instability. It has been confirmed that lipopolysaccharides (LPS) constitute a strong risk factor for the developmen...

Picroside II possesses a wide range of pharmacological effects and has been demonstrated to ameliorate cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, its effects on renal I/R injury remain unclear. In the present study, the role of picroside II in attenuating oxidative stress and the inflammatory response in a rat model of renal I/R injury was investigated. Sprague Dawley rats were su...

PURPOSE This study evaluates the effects of the gold nanoparticle in endotoxin-induced uveitis in rats. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: saline + saline, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) + saline, LPS + prednisolone, LPS + gold salt (GS) and LPS + gold nanoparticle (GNP). Two hours after LPS administration, prednisolone acetate 1%, GS, and GNP were topically applied to bo...

As a therapeutic target for neuropathic pain, the anti-nociceptive effects of α 2-adrenoceptors (α2AR) have attracted attention. Dexmedetomidine (DEX), a potent and highly selective α2AR agonist, has exhibited significant analgesic effects in neuropathic pain, but the underlying mechanism has remained elusive. The present study investigated the effect of DEX on Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and nuc...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of thymol on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses and to clarify the potential mechanism of these effects. LPS-induced mouse endometritis was used to confirm the anti-inflammatory action of thymol in vivo. RAW264.7 cells were used to examine the molecular mechanism and targets of thymol in vitro. In vivo, thymol markedl...

In order to investigate the function of toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B (TLR4/NF-κB) signal pathways in the pathogenesis of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), IBS-D animal models were established in wistar rats challenged with acute and chronic stresses (29 days). Wistar rats without stress-challenged were used as controls. IBS-D models were randomly divided into...