This paper addresses the performance targets and the technology components being studied by 3GPP for LTE-Advanced. The high level targets of LTE-Advanced are to meet or exceed the IMT-Advanced requirements set by ITU-R. A short history of the LTE standard is offered, along with a discussion of its standards and performance. The technology components considered for LTE-Advanced include extended ...

Recently, several researchers have proposed adopting software-defined networking (SDN) concepts for mobile network architectures, particularly for LTE-evolved packet core (LTE/EPC). Although several new designs have been introduced for architectures based on SDN or its concrete realization, Openflow, few studies have presented in-depth discussions of real procedures that are relevant to such ar...

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a 4G wireless broadband technology developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) release 8, and it's represent the competitiveness of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) for the next 10 years and beyond. The concepts for LTE systems have been introduced in 3GPP release 8, with objective of high-data-rate, low-latency and packet-optimized...

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the initial version of fourth-generation (4G) networks which provides ubiquitous broadband access. LTE supports multimedia Quality of Service (QoS) traffic with high data transfer speed, fast communication connectivity, and high security. Multimedia traffic over LTE networks is one of the highest percentages of mobile traffic and it has been growing rapidly in recen...

Two wireless technologies, WiMAX based on IEEE standards and LTE standardized by 3GPP, are two competing technologies, nevertheless, are very technically similar. This competition started with the advent of their pre-4G versions (802.16e for Mobile WiMAX and 3GPP release 8 for LTE) and continued with the advent of their 4G versions (WiMAX 2.0 based on IEEE 802.16 m and LTE-Advanced standardized...

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a significant project of 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), initially proposed on the Toronto conference of 3GPP in 2004 and officially started as LTE work item in 2006. LTE, as a transition from the 3rd generation (3G) to the 4th generation (4G), has achieved great capacity and high speed of mobile telephone networks without doubt. It defines a new packet-o...

This paper presents the results of a detailed theoretical investigation of the impact of non-LTE effects and of granulation inhomogeneities on the derived iron and oxygen abundances in the metal-poor halo subgiant HD140283. Our analysis is based on both the ‘classical’ one-dimensional (1D) stellar atmosphere models and on the new generation of three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamical models. The n...

Currently the Long Term Evolution (LTE) System is an internationally recognized mobile communication standard for 4G. With the advent of Machine to machine (M2M) devices and network capability, a suitable uplink scheduling strategy is strongly needed for such systems. Scheduling method is one of the hot topics among current researches for M2M over LTE. It is found that there are major differenc...

We propose a new figure of merit to assess the performance of light trapping nanostructures for solar cells, which we call the light trapping efficiency (LTE). The LTE has a target value of unity to represent the performance of an ideal Lambertian scatterer, although this is not an absolute limit but rather a benchmark value. Since the LTE aims to assess the nanostructure itself, it is, in prin...

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is consents pliable spectrum distribution which renders enriched wireless data services to users at lower latency and multi-megabit throughput. LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (Sc-FDMA) for downlink and Uplink transmission where OFDMA has been acquired in LTE for downlink transmission ...