This document describes a machine-learning solution to the spam-filtering problem. Spam-filtering is treated as a text-classification problem in very high dimension space. Two new text-classification algorithms, Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) and Contextual Network Graphs (CNG) are compared to existing Bayesian techniques by monitoring their ability to process and correctly classify a series of...

Abstract– This paper proposes an intelligent control technique for fuel injection control of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) engines. Recurrent Neuro-Fuzzy Networks are used to estimate and control air to fuel ratio (AFR) of CNG engines. To reasonably handle such a complicated control problem, a precise experimental test has been done on a real CNG fuelled vehicle and the process input output data...

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels are critical components in the visual and olfactory signal transduction pathways, and they primarily gate in response to changes in the cytoplasmic concentration of cyclic nucleotides. We previously found that the ability of the native rod CNG channel to be opened by cGMP was markedly inhibited by analogues of diacylglycerol (DAG) without a phosphorylation...

Ca2+/calmodulin-mediated negative feedback is a prototypical regulatory mechanism for Ca2+-permeable ion channels. In olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), such regulation on the cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel is considered a major mechanism of OSN adaptation. To determine the role of Ca2+/calmodulin desensitization of the olfactory CNG channel, we introduced a mutation in the channel subuni...

In cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNG), direct binding of cyclic nucleotides in the carboxy-terminal region is allosterically coupled to opening of the pore. A CNG1 channel pore was probed using site-directed cysteine substitution to elucidate conformational changes associated with channel opening. The effects of cysteine modification on permeation suggest a structural homology between CNG a...

Motivated by climate, health and economic considerations, alternatively-fueled bus fleets have emerged worldwide. Two popular alternatives are compressed natural gas (CNG) and electric vehicles. The latter provides the opportunity to generate revenue through vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services if properly equipped. This analysis conducts a robust accounting of the costs of diesel, CNG and battery-el...

Consumers and organizations worldwide are searching for low-carbon alternatives to conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and their impact on the environment. A comprehensive technique used to estimate overall cost and environmental impact of vehicles is known as life cycle assessment (LCA). In this article, a comparative LCA of diesel and compressed ...

We have characterized two novel cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) ion channels that are distinctively different from classic vertebrate CNG channels. One channel is from the bacterium M. loti and the other from sperm of sea urchins. Two conspicuous features that set apart these channels from known CNG channels: [1] an exquisite ligand sensitivity and [2] the lack of cooperative activation. In my ta...

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) employ a cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel to generate a receptor current in response to an odorant-induced rise in cAMP. This channel contains three types of subunits, the principal CNGA2 subunit and two modulatory subunits (CNGA4 and CNGB1b). Here, we have analyzed the functional relevance of CNGB1 for olfaction by gene targeting in mice. Electro-olfactog...

Federal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) and the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT), together with other state regulations have encouraged or mandated transit systems to use alternative fuels to power bus fleets. Among such fuels, compressed natural gas (CNG) is attractive, although it must be stored in robust, heavy pressurized cylinders, capable of withstanding pressures up to 5,000 psi...