Although many models have been proposed that could lead to the maintenance of gene duplicates, the ways in which interacting gene duplicates influence each other's evolution and function remain poorly understood. Here, we focus on duplication and loss of the B class MADS box transcription factor genes in the euasterids I and the ramifications of such changes on paralog evolution and their encod...

MADS-box genes form a large gene family in plants and are involved in multiple biological processes, such as flowering. However, the regulation mechanism of MADS-box genes in flowering remains unresolved, especially under short-term cold conditions. In the present study, we isolated BcMAF1, a Pak-choi (Brassica rapa ssp. Chinensis) MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING (MAF), as a floral repressor and funct...

MIKCc-type MADS-box genes encode key transcriptional regulators of a variety of developmental processes in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, there has been relatively little effort to systematically carry out comparative genomic or functional analyses of these genes across flowering plants. Here we describe a strategy to identify members of the MIKCc-type MADS-box gene family from any angiosperm s...

B-class MADS box genes specify petal and stamen identities in several core eudicot species. Members of the Solanaceae possess duplicate copies of these genes, allowing for diversification of function. To examine the changing roles of such duplicate orthologs, we assessed the functions of B-class genes in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) using virus-induced gene silencing ...

MADS-box proteins are transcription factors present in different eukaryotic kingdoms. In contrast to plants, for mammalian and yeast MADS-box proteins ternary complex formation with unrelated transcription factors was reported. We show here the first identification of such ternary interaction in plants. A rice seed-specific NF-YB was identified as partner of OsMADS18 by two-hybrid screening. NF...

This work introduces the StoMADS-PB algorithm for constrained stochastic blackbox optimization, which is an extension of mesh adaptive direct-search (MADS) method originally developed deterministic optimization under general constraints. The values objective and constraint functions are provided by a noisy blackbox, i.e., they can only be computed with random noise whose distribution unknown. A...

apple (malus×domestica borkh.) is the fourth fruit in importance and iran ranks fifth in apple production in the world. longevity of juvenility in apple extends breeding cycles and makes its breeding a tough job. to alleviate this barrier via genetic engineering, the genes involved in flowering and floral development of apple and their function must be identified and characterized. most of thes...

The median absolute deviation (MAD) of each trait (principal component) was used to measure within-line variance, as it is less sensitive to non-normality than other measures of spread [67, 68]. However, plotting the raw MADs of each line against the line median tended to show a dependency of the MAD on the median (Figure S2). To correct for this dependency, the residuals of a local (lowess) re...