This paper investigates the role of the central nucleus of the barn owl's inferior colliculus in determination of the sound-source azimuth. The central nucleus contains many neurons that are sensitive to interaural time difference (ITD), the cue for azimuth in the barn owl. The response of these neurons varies in a cyclic manner with the ITD of a tone or noise burst. Response maxima recur at in...

Activating mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3 are one of the most frequent somatic mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Internal tandem duplications of the juxtamembrane region of FLT3 (FLT3/ITD) constitutively activate survival and proliferation pathways, and are associated with a poor prognosis in AML. We suspected that alteration of small non-coding microRNA (miRNA) express...

Interaural time differences (ITDs) are a main cue for sound localization and sound segregation. A dominant model to study ITD detection is the sound localization circuitry in the avian auditory brainstem. Neurons in nucleus laminaris (NL) receive auditory information from both ears via the avian cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and compare the relative timing of these inputs. Timing of the...

FLT3 internal tandem duplications (FLT3/ITDs) in the juxtamembrane domain are found in approximately 25% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, ranging in size from 3 to hundreds of nucleotides. We examined whether the sizes of FLT3/ITDs were associated with clinical outcomes in 151 AML patients enrolled in Southwest Oncology Group studies: S9333 and S9500. FLT3/ITDs were identified in 32% o...

Acquisition of homozygous activating growth factor receptor mutations might accelerate cancer progression through a simple gene-dosage effect. Internal tandem duplications (ITDs) of FLT3 occur in approximately 25% cases of acute myeloid leukemia and induce ligand-independent constitutive signaling. Homozygous FLT3-ITDs confer an adverse prognosis and are frequently detected at relapse. Using a ...

A speech separation system is described in which sources are represented in a joint interaural time difference-fundamental frequency (ITD-F0) cue space. Traditionally, recurrent timing neural networks (RTNNs) have been used only to extract periodicity information; in this study, this type of network is extended in two ways. Firstly, a coincidence detector layer is introduced, each node of which...

OBJECTIVES Constitutive activation of the fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) receptor by internal tandem duplication (ITD) of the juxtamembrane region has been described in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. FLT3/ITDs are present in about 20-30% of all acute myeloid leukemia cases. It has been shown that the mutation is correlated with worse prognosis. However, none of the previous studies in...

The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) has become a key species in investigations of the neural processing of sound localization cues in mammals. While its sound localization has been tested extensively under free-field stimulation, many neurophysiological studies use headphones to present signals with binaural localization cues. The gerbil's behavioral sensitivity to binaural cues, howev...

Interaural time difference (ITDs) are the most important cue to the location of sounds containing low-frequency energy (Wightman and Kistler, 1992). ITDs are encoded centrally in the medial (MSO) and lateral (LSO) superior olives which transmit the code to the inferior colliulus (IC) (Batra et al., 1997; Goldberg and Brown, 1969). Each ITD-sensitive neuron is characterized by its best ITD (BD),...

AIM OF THE STUDY Mutant NPM1 and CEBPA have been reported in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and intermediate cytogenetic risk, and they appear to be associated with characteristic demographic and laboratory data, as well as clinical outcome. The objective of the study was to assess the clinical relevance of NPM1 and CEBPA mutations in AML. MATERIAL AND METHODS This retrospective ...