Introduction: : It seems that Valeriana officinalis (valerian) extract through gamma-amino-butyric acid A (GABAA) receptor possesses analgesic effect. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of muscimol and picrotoxin on pain sensitivity in male rats pretreated with valerian extract using the formalin test. Methods: Thirty-five male rats weighing 200-250g in standard temp...

Changes in the skin that occur in the elderly may put them at increased risk for altered percutaneous penetration from pharmacotherapy along with potential adverse effects. Skin factors that may have a role in age-related percutaneous penetration include blood flow, pH, skin thickness, hair and pore density, and the content and structure of proteins, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), water, and lipids...

Nitrogen fertilizer application rates in intensive agricultural systems have increased dramatically in recent years, especially in protected vegetable production systems. This excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer has resulted in soil secondary salinity, which has become a significant environmental stress for crops such as cucumber, in the protected farmlands. It is thus necessary to illuminate ...

In order to improve the postharvest quality and the export ability of cut rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cvs. Happy Hour and Bordeaux, the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) as an ethylene inhibitor, was investigated. 1-MCP was used at 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 g m-3 for 18 h at 8 °C to simulate the transport of flowers. 1-MCP treatment significantly prolonged the vase life and minimized the weight los...

Corrugator supercilii muscle activity is considered an objective measure of valence because it increases in response to negatively valenced facial expressions (angry) and decreases to positive expressions (happy). The authors sought to determine if corrugator activity could be used as an objective measure of positivity-negativity bias. The authors recorded corrugator responses as participants r...

Desire spurs competition; here we explore whether the converse is also true. In one study, female quartets (N1⁄4 58) completed anagrams, with the winner to receive compact speakers; controls anagrammed without competition. In the other study, female quartets (N1⁄4 74) described their ideal first date to a male judge, who chose the best description; controls read to him others’ date descriptions...

in order to evaluate of yield, water and radiation use efficiencies in wheat genotypes, a field experiment was conducted using a split split plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at khorasan razavi agricultural and natural resources research centre (mashhad, iran) in 2006-2008. main plots were assigned to two levels of water stress treatments; d1: optim...

introduction salinity has various effects on plant growth by affecting physiological processes. the decline in plant productivity under saline condition, frequently linked with the reduction of photosynthetic capability. it has been reported that efficiency of psii photochemistry (fv/fm) of numerous plant species have been decreased due to salt stress studies have shown that salicylic acid (sa...