viral infectivity. for immunodeficiency virus type 1 are essential Cysteine residues in the Vif protein of human

APOBEC3G is a human cellular enzyme that is incorporated into retroviral particles and acts to restrict retroviral replication in infected cells by deaminating dC to dU in the first (minus)-strand cDNA replication intermediate. HIV, however, encodes a protein (virion infectivity factor, Vif ), which overcomes APOBEC3G-mediated restriction but by an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that Vif trig...

BACKGROUND Variable progression towards AIDS has been described and has been related to viral and host factors. Around 10% of the HIV-1 infected patients are slow progressors (SP), not presenting with AIDS disease signs even after more than 10 years of infection. Viral gene defects have been associated with the disease progression but more studies are still needed. METHODOLOGY The sequence of...

ERK1 and ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) play a critical role in regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation in response to mitogens and other extracellular stimuli. Mitogens and cytokines that activate MAPK in T cells have been shown to activate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. Little is known about the signal transduction pathways that activate H...

HIV-1 and HIV-2 Vif Interact with Human APOBEC3 Proteins Using Completely 1 Different Determinants 2 Jessica L. Smith, Taisuke Izumi, Timothy C. Borbet, Ariel N. Hagedorn, and Vinay K. Pathak* 3 Viral Mutation Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, Center for Cancer Research, National 4 Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA 5 6 Running title: HIV-2 Vif-APOBEC3 interactions 7 8 *Address Corr...