Low back pain and sciatica have been considered as the common morbidities of human kind throughout the history. The explanation of the etiology has been changed during the centuries and still remains a dilemma. Reviewing ancient theories may lead to novel findings about the etiology and its better treatments. First writings about sciatica: among available iranian traditional medicine (ITM) book...

Background: Recent genome-wide association screening (GWAS) studies have linked Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology to gene networks that regulate immune function. Kan et al. recently reported that Arg1 (an anti-inflammatory gene that codes for arginase-1) is expressed in parts of the brain associated with amyloidosis prior to the onset of neuronal loss, suggesting that chronic brain argini...

This article presents a study of how women (specifically nuns and abbesses) were perceived in medieval Livonia. Given the significant increase accessible academic work on crusading movement eastern Baltic, scholarly considerations visual culture this region, reconsiderations roles played by world general, turns from central regions Medieval Europe to periphery. It begins providing historical ov...

Trees, corals, ice cores and documentary evidence provide high-resolution proxies that allow past climate to be reconstructed (Jones et al., 2009). Documentary evidence includes all forms of written historical information about past climate or weather, but its use for climate reconstruction is restricted to locations for which there is a rich documentary legacy. Several climate analyses and rec...