The earth maintains surprisingly large voltage gradients, Ez [V/m], between its surface and a conductive ionosphere above 100 km, with fair-weather measurements averaging about 160 V/m near the surface, positive upwards. These gradients are easily detected but difficult to quantify with accuracies better than a few percent. Data records survive from several sites dating to the early 1900's. Mea...

OBJECTIVE To assess quantitatively the number of early X-ray workers, their risk of becoming a radiation victim, and their most common radiation-induced (skin) disease. METHODS Information on professional life and occupational disease was retrieved from the Ehrenbuch, a book of honour containing biographies of 404 radiation victims, as well as member and congress lists of the German and US ra...

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has evolved significantly since the early 1900's, back when an emphasis was placed on repair and not reconstruction. Over the past century, the technique has evolved from intra-articular non anatomic reconstruction, to extra articular reconstruction, back to intra articular (performed arthroscopically), to now, the advent of anatomic insertion site rest...

syndrome is a rare congenital syndrome involving enlarged veins and arteries, limb hypertrophy and capillary malformations. In 1900, French physicians, Klippel and Trenaunay, first described what became known as Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome after two patients presented with a triad of symptoms — port-wine stain, varicose veins, and bony and soft tissue hypertrophy involving an extremity (Klippel ...

Following the 1900 congress in Paris, the beginning of the 20th century saw comparative law emerge as a significant discipline. This paper suggests that the early 21st century is seeing the decline, or maybe even the ‘end’, of comparative law. In contrast to other claims which see the 21st century as the ‘era of comparative law’, there are at least four trends which give rise to pessimism: ‘the...

Early developments in commercial hatchery technology, artificial incubation and brooding, marketing, diagnostic testing, and key infrastructure improvements from 1900 to 1950 contributed to the growth and present prominence of the poultry industry in the Shenandoah Valley and its importance in the agricultural economy of Virginia. In 2003, Virginia ranked 5, 9, and 31 in the nation for commerci...

Data from the 1803–1806 Lewis and Clark expedition and nineteenth century stage records are used to quantitatively benchmark natural, premanagement hydrology of the lower Missouri River and assess the magnitude and timing of hydrologic change over nearly two centuries. Data show doubling in daily stage variability from the nineteenth century to 2005. Annual maximum stages have, at some sites, b...

IN the early 1900’s, Burrows [l ] and Carrel [2] reported the serial cultivation of cells derived from an adult chicken heart. Since that time, numerous laboratories have experienced difficulties in long-term avian cell culture. After many unsuccessful attempts, with several modifications in technic, embryonic chick heart cells were established and maintained in this laboratory as monolayer cul...

In the hot summer months of nineteenth-century colonial Australia, a quiet dread descended upon parents of the very young. Diarrhoea was about to assert its role as the greatest single threat to the lives of their infants.1 Between 1875 and 1900 Australian vital statistical records matched those of Europe, Britain and America,2 revealing a pattern in which infant diarrhoeal mortality accounted ...