Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) printing enables the fabrication of complex, highly customizable structures, which are difficult to fabricate using conventional methods. Recently, concept four-dimensional (4D) has emerged, adds active and responsive functions 3D-printed structures. Deployable or adaptive structures with desired structural functional changes can be fabricated 4D printing; thus, ...

Abstract Four-dimensional (4D) printing is an emerging additive manufacturing (AM) technology that adds a time-dependent reconfiguration dimension to three-dimensional (3D) printed products. It enables the creation of on-demand, dynamically controllable shapes, or properties in response external stimuli such as temperature, magnetic field, and light. Thermally responsive structures are among mo...

Additive manufacturing with stimuli-responsive materials—4D printing—is a rapidly growing field, direct ink writing allowing deposition of wide variety materials. The synthesis humidity-sensitive cholesteric liquid crystal oligomer is reported. With the responsive ink, demonstrator devices exhibiting ink's “four dimensionality” are printed in disparate fashions: as structural color change or pr...

Four-dimensional (4D) printing of shape memory polymers is a leading research field due to the possibilities allowed by using these materials. The strain difference in structures that caused different stiffness profiles can be used influence shape-memory effect actuators. In this study, patterns on tested polylactic acid (PLA) actuators made shapes. Five bioinspired geometrical shapes, namely, ...

There are a few shape memory polymers (SMPs) like polylactic acid (PLA) and polyurethane (PU) that 4D printable, other SMPs must be synthesized with complicated chemical lab effort. Herein, considering dual-material extrusion printing microscopic mechanism behind effect (SME), bilayer-encapsulated polycaprolactone (PCL)–thermoplastic (TPU) composite structures printed for the first time. The SM...