OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate growth patterns in human hands, digits and digit ratio (2D:4D) during the fetal period. METHODS The study is carried out on 161 human fetuses (83 males, 78 females) free from external pathology or malformation with ages ranging between 9 and 40 weeks of gestation. Following general external measurements, length and width of the hand, digi...

One of the key issues for a successful roll out of digital cinema is in the quality it offers. The most practical and least expensive way of measuring quality of multimedia content is through the use of objective metrics. In addition to the widely used objective quality metric peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), recently other metrics such as single scale structural similarity (SS-SSIM) and mult...

Prenatal sex steroids play a vital role in the development of the whole organism, and therefore also the brain. Exposure of the fetus to testosterone seems to be of special importance both for typical development and pathology. The key factor impacting offspring development (including prenatal androgen levels) appears to be diet, both in terms of shortage and excessive intake of certain food pr...

OBJECTIVES To compare 2D:4D ratio which is determined by testosterone levels with patients having orthognathic, retrognathic and prognathic mandibles. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was performed at Chennai, on 320 subjects of which, 60 subjects (32 males and 28 females) had retrognathic mandible; 55 subjects (25 males and 30 females) had prognathic mandible and 205 subjects (98 males and 10...

The aim of this study is to analyse the contribution of the second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) to success in wrestling. A total of 180 elite wrestlers who participated in the 2011 Spanish Wrestling Championship took part in this study (132 men, 23.6 +/- 6.1 years old; 48 women, 21.7 +/- 4.9 years old). Prior to competition, wrestlers were interviewed about their years of training experience a...

The ratio of index finger length to ring finger length (2D:4D) is considered to be a putative biomarker of prenatal androgen exposure (PAE), with previous research suggesting that 2D:4D is associated with human behaviors, especially sex-typical behaviors. This study empirically examines the relationship between 2D:4D and individual competitiveness, a behavioral trait that is found to be sexuall...

The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) is a test introduced by Frederick (2005). The task is designed to measure the tendency to override an intuitive response that is incorrect and to engage in further reflection that leads to the correct response. The consistent sex differences in CRT performance may suggest a role for prenatal sex hormones. A now widely studied putative marker for relative pren...