the objective of the present study was to identify and examine the influence of instructional tools, namely, games, songs and stories on young iranian efl learners’ achievement utilizing a quantitative design. to conduct the study 65 iranian efl learners, divided into an experimental group and a control group, learning english at navid english institute, shiraz, iran, participated in the study....

Willingness to communicate and motivation can be two important affective variables to cause success in language achievement. The current study aimed to investigate the role of willingness to communicate (WTC) and second language motivational self-system (L2MSS) in relation to learners’ language achieve- ment. To this end, 100 homogeneous learners both male and female aged from 16 to 20 were cho...

Literature review shows that the development process of an achievement test is mainly investigated in dissertations. Moreover, preparing a form will shed light on developing expected to guide those who administer test. In this line, current study aims create “Achievement Test Development Process Control Form” and investigate tests for Maths based form. Document analysis was conducted within fra...

OBJECTIVE This study investigates the effect of social and token economy reinforcements on academic achievement of 9th grade boy students with intellectual disabilities in an experimental science class in Tehran Province. METHOD The method used for this study was experimental by pre-test, post- test with a control group. The boy students with intellectual disabilities from three junior high s...

BACKGROUND Media can influence aspects of a child's physical, social, and cognitive development; however, the associations between a child's household media environment, media use, and academic achievement have yet to be determined. OBJECTIVE To examine relationships among a child's household media environment, media use, and academic achievement. METHODS During a single academic year, data...

This paper develops two methods for estimating the effect of schooling on achievement test scores that control for the endogeneity of schooling by postulating that both schooling and test scores are generated by a common unobserved latent ability. These methods are applied to data on schooling and test scores. Estimates from the two methods are in close agreement. We Þnd that the effects of sch...

BACKGROUND Long-term follow-up studies of children conceived by IVF are limited. We examine academic performance on standardized tests [Iowa Tests of Basic Skills/Educational Development (ITBS/ITED)] of children conceived by IVF. METHODS Parents of children 8-17 years of age at the onset of the study (March 2008) who were conceived by IVF at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics and li...