Let G be an abelian group acting on a set X, and suppose that no element of G has any finite orbit of size greater than one. We show that every partial order on X invariant under G extends to a linear order on X also invariant under G. We then discuss extensions to linear preorders when the orbit condition is not met, and show that for any abelian group acting on a set X, there is a G-invariant...

Panel zone is one of the most important elements for transferring the lateral load to other elements in Steel Moment Resistant Frames. To some extent, this element through its suitable ductile behavior with beams, that themselves have been known as ductile elements, can increase the overall ductility of SMRF. The suitable design procedure for this element and details, can highly affect the perf...

Many chloroplast transcripts are protected against exonucleolytic degradation by RNA-binding proteins. Such interactions can lead to the accumulation of short RNAs (sRNAs) that represent footprints of the protein partner. By mining existing data sets of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii small RNAs, we identify chloroplast sRNAs. Two of these correspond to the 5'-ends of the mature psbB and psbH messeng...

The duplex telomere repeat (TTAGGG)(n) is an essential cis-acting element of the mammalian telomere, and an exogenous telomere repeat can induce chromosome breakage and de novo telomere formation at the site of a break (telomere seeding). Telomere seeding requires the telomere repeat (TTAGGG)(n) more stringently than does an in vitro telomerase assay, suggesting that it reflects the activity of...

A hierarchical structure is a stack of successively reduced image representations. Each basic element of a hierarchical structure is the father of a set of elements in the level below. The transitive closure of this father–child relationship associates to each element of the hierarchy a set of basic elements in the base level image representation. Such a set, called a receptive field, defines t...

The hepatitis B virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (HBVPRE) is a cis-acting RNA element that partially overlaps with enhancer I and is required for the cytoplasmic accumulation of HBV surface RNAs. We find that the closely related woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), which has been shown to lack a functional enhancer I, also contains a posttranscriptional regulatory element (WPRE). Deleti...

Regulated synthesis of luteinizing hormone (LH) requires coordinated transcriptional control of the alpha and LHbeta subunits in pituitary gonadotropes. Several cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors have been defined for control of the LHbeta promoter through heterologous cell culture models. In this report, we describe the identification of bipartite NF-Y (CBF/CP1) binding sites within ...

BACKGROUND Scoliosis is a serious disease in which a human spine is abnormally deformed in three dimensions with vertebral rotation. Surgical treatment is attained when the scoliotic spine is corrected into its normal shape by implant rods and screws fixed into the vertebrae. The three-dimensional corrective forces acting at the screws deformed the implant rod during the surgical treatment of s...

PURPOSE To clone and characterize the mouse aldose reductase (AR) gene and evaluate the functional promoter under basal and hypertonic conditions in mouse lens epithelial cells. METHODS The mouse AR gene structure was determined by DNA sequencing, and its chromosomal localization was determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization. A luciferase reporter gene was utilized to assess promoter ac...