Just over 20 years ago, physicists [1] discovered a way of ‘teleporting’ a quantum system from one place to another without moving it. There are physical limits: nothing can be transmitted faster than the speed of light; and the uncertainty principle restricts what we can know about a quantum system’s state at a given time. Nonetheless the replica can perfectly mimic the original thanks to the ...

The concept of an attractor is essential for understanding the dynamics of cellular automata. An attractor is defined as a limit set (intersection of forward images) of a nonempty clopen (closed and open) invariant set. Classification of cellular automata based on the system of their attractors has been considered in Hurley [1] or Kůrka [2]. The basic distinction is between cellular automata wh...

The starting point in the development of probabilistic analyses of token causation has usually been the naive intuition that, in some relevant sense, a cause raises the probability of its effect. But there are well-known examples both of non-probability-raising causation and of probabilityraising non-causation. Sophisticated extant probabilistic analyses treat many such cases correctly, but onl...

Recent data indicate that the law of action between electric current elements proposed by Ampere is notably superior to the Lorentz (Biot-Savart) law in its ability to describe laboratory observations of currents flowing in single circuits. Ampere's law conforms to Newton's third law and thus cannot be covariantly expressed. Since all field theories of retarded action violate Newton's third law...

Action at distance in Newtonian physics is replaced by finite propagation speeds in classical post–Newtonian physics. As a result, the differential equations of motion in Newtonian physics are replaced by functional differential equations, where the delay associated with the finite propagation speed is taken into account. Newtonian equations of motion, with post–Newtonian corrections, are often...

Both for the background world model and its linear perturbations Newtonian cosmology coincides with the zero-pressure limits of relativistic cosmology. However, such successes in Newtonian cosmology are not purely based on Newton’s gravity, but are rather guided ones by previously known results in Einstein’s theory. The action-at-a-distance nature of Newton’s gravity requires further verificati...

Still now there are no theoretical background for explanation of physical phenomena of ‘spooky action at a distance’ as a quantum superposition of quantum particles. Several experiments shows that speed of this phenomena is at least four orders of magnitude of light speed in vacuum. The classical electromagnetic field theory is based on similarity to the classic dynamic of solid continuum media...

Only when space is flat does there exist one coordinate system which has direct meaning of distances or angles, and if one coordinate system has direct meaning of distances or angles then the space must be flat. This is the famous Riemann theorem when he pioneered the concept of curved space. General relativity (GR) claims curved spacetime. However, when testing GR with data, all relativists co...

It is argued that the quantal behaviours may be understood in the framework of direct particle interactions. A specific example is introduced. The assumed potential predicts that at sufficiently large distances quantal behaviours arise, while at very large distances gravitational-like forces are present. The latter is true provided all particles have internal structures. 1 Direct Particle Inter...