We discuss two events with profound implications on the way initial value problems are solved numerically. The first was the identification of stiffness as a widely spread phenomenon affecting the ability to obtain useful results. The second was the definition of A-stability as an important approach to overcoming the effect of stiffness. Not only was the idea associated with A-stability signifi...

We review Galilean Electromagnetism since the 1973 seminal paper of Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond and Michel Le Bellac and we explain for the first time all the historical experiments of Rowland, Vasilescu Karpen, Roentgen, Eichenwald, Wilson, Wilson and Wilson, which were previously interpreted in a Special Relativistic framework by showing the uselessness of the latter for setups involving slow moti...

A mere forty years ago it was unclear what motor molecules exist in cells that could be responsible for the variety of nonmuscle cell movements, including the "saltatory cytoplasmic particle movements" apparent by light microscopy. One wondered whether nonmuscle cells might have a myosin-like molecule, well known to investigators of muscle. Now we know that there are more than a hundred differe...

The purification of coated vesicles and the discovery of clathrin by Barbara Pearse in 1975 was a landmark in cell biology. Over the past 40 years, work from many labs has uncovered the molecular details of clathrin and its associated proteins, including how they assemble into a coated vesicle and how they select cargo. Unexpected connections have been found with signalling, development, neuron...

ZhaoHong Han Language Teaching / Volume null / Issue 02 / April 2013, pp 133 ­ 171 DOI: 10.1017/S0261444812000511, Published online: 22 February 2013 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0261444812000511 How to cite this article: ZhaoHong Han (2013). Forty years later: Updating the Fossilization Hypothesis. Language Teaching, null, pp 133­171 doi:10.1017/S02614448120005...

1 In his 1949 paper, "The completeness of the first-order calculus", Henkin developed what is now called the method of (individual) terms to establish that every consistent set of statements of a first-order language L has a model of cardinality α, a the number of statements of L. The idea is to start with such a set S, construct a so-called term-extension L of L by adding a new terms to the vo...

Climate modelling is now a mature discipline approaching its fortieth birthday. The need for valid climate forecasts has been underlined by the recognition that human activities are now modifying the climate. The complex nature of the climate system has resulted in the development of a surprisingly large array of modelling tools. Some are relatively simple, such as the earth systems and energy ...

It has been 40 years since Spiegelman and co-workers demonstrated how RNA molecules can be evolved in the test tube. This result established Darwinian evolution as a chemical process and paved the way for the many directed evolution experiments that followed. Chemists can benefit from reflecting on Spiegelman's studies and the subsequent advances, which have taken the field to the brink of the ...