PURPOSE Although several social network studies have demonstrated peer influence effects on adolescent substance use, findings for marijuana use have been equivocal. This study examines whether structural features of friendships moderate friends' influence on adolescent marijuana use over time. METHODS Using 1-year longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, t...

PURPOSE To determine if there is an optimal grip span for determining the maximum handgrip strength in male and female teenagers, and if the optimal grip span was related to hand span. If they are related then the second aim was to derive a mathematic equation relating hand span and optimal grip span. METHODS One hundred healthy teenage boys (15.1 +/- 1.1 y) and 106 girls (15.4 +/- 1.3 y) wer...

Visual field extent along the four diagonal meridia was measured cross-sectionally in 180 normal children (infants and toddlers), and 22 adults. Infants were tested monocularly at 3.5, 7, or 9 months, and toddlers were tested binocularly at 11, 17, or 30 months. Adult control data were obtained under monocular viewing. Three testing methods were investigated: static and hybrid static-kinetic pe...

PURPOSE The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the impact of early intervention on speech and lexical measures for toddlers with cleft palate. METHOD Speech measures of ten 27-month-old toddlers with cleft palate who had been referred for therapy at 17 months of age were compared to those of 10 toddlers with cleft palate who had been referred but did not receive therapy. Both...

Introduction ........................................................................................................ 63 Historical Background.................................................................................... 63 Purpose and Overview of Empirical Study..................................................... 65 I. Roe v. Wade and the “Reasonable” Physician.............................

Adolescence is a phase of the lifespan associated with widespread changes in emotional behavior thought to reflect both changing environments and stressors, and psychological and neurobiological development. However, emotions themselves are complex phenomena that are composed of multiple subprocesses. In this paper, we argue that examining emotional development from a process-level perspective ...

Infant bilingualism offers a unique opportunity to study the relative effects of language experience and maturation on brain development, with each child serving as his or her own control. Event-related potentials (ERPs) to words were examined in 19- to 22-month-old English-Spanish bilingual toddlers. The children's dominant vs. nondominant languages elicited different patterns of neural activi...

STUDY OBJECTIVE To test whether sleep duration on school nights differs between adolescents in Australia and the United States and, if so, whether this difference is explained by cultural differences in school start time, parental involvement in setting bedtimes, and extracurricular commitments. PARTICIPANTS Three hundred eighty-five adolescents aged 13 to 18 years (M = 15.57, SD = 0.95; 60% ...

PURPOSE This study examined parent perception of early communication development before and after participation in language intervention. METHOD Fifty-three parents of toddlers with developmental delays and fewer than 10 spoken words completed the Parent Perception of Language Development, an experimental measure, before and after the children were randomly assigned to a language intervention...

When Congress or a state legislature passes a minimum wage increase, there is often a period of several months between the passage of the increase and its implementation. During this period, employers know the level of the current binding minimum wage, but they also know the level of the minimum wage at a defined future date. Although this “future wage,” as I call it, is not yet binding, employ...