1.0 Introduction 1.1 Purpose 1.2 Causes of excessive sleepiness 2.0 Background 3.0 Methods 3.1 Literature search strategy 3.2 Evidence review 4.0 Results 4.1 Treatment of hypersomnia due to narcolepsy with or without cataplexy 4.1.1 Medications 4.1.1.1 Amphetamine, methamphetamine, dextroamphetamine methylphenidate, and related preparations 4.1.1.2 Modafinil and armodafinil 4.1.1.3 Sodium oxyba...

Stimulation of dopamine D1 receptors has profound effects on addictive behavior, movement control, and working memory. Many of these functions depend on dopaminergic systems in the striatum and D1-D2 dopamine receptor synergies have been implicated as well. We show here that deletion of the D1 dopamine receptor produces a neural phenotype in which amphetamine and cocaine, two addictive psychomo...

he trend of drug use has changed tremendously in this millennium (Adnan et al., 2014). Over the past decade, opioids are among the primary drug of abuse in worldwide. However the trend towards using amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) is notably increasing lately. Amphetamine-type stimulants are a group of drugs consisting mainly of amphetamine and metamphetamine; these include methcathinone, fene...

This investigation is based on the premise that conformational restriction of abused phenylalkylamines in a tetrahydroisoquinoline conformation alters their pharmacology in such a manner that their original action is lost and that a new action emerges. TDIQ or 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline, is a conformationally constrained phenylalkylamine that serves as a discriminative st...

USE OF d-AMPHETAMINE AND RELATED CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS IN CHILDREN T HE abuse of amphetamines has become a problem of international significance. Japan was the first country to recognize this problem, and by 1954 there were an estimated 500,000 to 600,000 abusers in Japan. More than ten years ago Japan banned the use of amphetamines. The United Kingdom restricted distribution of amp...

3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an illegal amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) that is abused orally in the form of tablets for recreational purposes. The aim of this work is to investigate the absorption mechanism of MDMA and other related compounds that often occur together in ATS tablets, and to determine whether such tablet components interact with each other in intestinal absorpti...

Children and adolescents are increasingly exposed to psychostimulants, either illicitly or for the treatment of common neuropsychiatric conditions, such as attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity. Despite the widespread use of psychomotor stimulants in younger age groups, little is known regarding the chronic molecular neuroadaptive responses to these agents in the immature br...

USE OF d-AMPHETAMINE AND RELATED CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS IN CHILDREN T HE abuse of amphetamines has become a problem of international significance. Japan was the first country to recognize this problem, and by 1954 there were an estimated 500,000 to 600,000 abusers in Japan. More than ten years ago Japan banned the use of amphetamines. The United Kingdom restricted distribution of amp...

USE OF d-AMPHETAMINE AND RELATED CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS IN CHILDREN T HE abuse of amphetamines has become a problem of international significance. Japan was the first country to recognize this problem, and by 1954 there were an estimated 500,000 to 600,000 abusers in Japan. More than ten years ago Japan banned the use of amphetamines. The United Kingdom restricted distribution of amp...