Literary and dialect languages influence each other and, as a result, mutual enrichment occurs, in particular botanical vocabulary. Comparison of folk literary floristic names the Ukrainian language reveals: common for dialects (with phonetic, word-formative, semantic variants dialects); with different lexical meanings; many words broader structure dialects; figurative meaning existence lexemes...

Dialects can be categorized in many ways. Using external features, dialects may be grouped by geographic location (e.g., Irish English), ethnic identity (e.g., AAVE), or social networks (e.g., Liberian Settler English) of their speakers. Or, using internal features, dialects may be grouped by shared features of pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar. We explore quantitative approaches to see how...

For the Western Iranian languages the transition from the Old Iranian to the Middle-Iranian period is characterised by – among other things – the loss of word-final syllables. This loss had a far-reaching impact on the nominal and verbal systems since it caused the loss of categories which had been expressed by suffixes. The consequences include the emergence of the so-called ergative system. ...