Raised-field agricultural systems were exploited extensively by pre-Columbian Andean civilizations and now are used less extensively by contemporary Bolivian and Peruvian farmers as a method for farming the perennially wet soils of the intermontane pampas of the Andean high altiplano. The raised-field agricultural systems are linear or semi-linear raised planting platforms interspersed with sha...

The nineteenth century witnessed far-reaching changes in the nature and organization of industrial production. Traditional non-mechanized establishments artisan shops were displaced by mechanized water or steam-driven plants and extensive division of labor increased the average size of firms (Chandler 1977; Sokoloff 1984). In these new mills and "factories", the centralized nature of motive pow...

9:30–10:10 Organic alternatives for cranberry fruit rot control/ Use of prophyte for Phytophthora root rot of cranberry/ Use of varying irrigation rates for cranberry cultivation (Bogs 11-16) A trial was planted to test the practical potential of several alternative establishment methods, particularly when plant material is limiting. The following aspects were considered: 1) quantity of plant m...

This paper studies the impact of income taxes on intensive and extensive labor supply decisions for older workers. The literature provides little evidence about the responsiveness of the older population to tax incentives, though the tax code is a potentially important mechanism for affecting retirement behavior. We estimate the intensive and extensive margins jointly with a new approach accoun...

This paper examines what author calls a fundamental form of sex discrimination in Pakistan: the fact that women's extensive participation in the labor force is ignored by economic planners. While wage and job discrimination are the most common forms of sex discrimination in Europe and North America, in Pakistan sex discrimination revolves around the divergence between the myth that women do n...