PURPOSE The American Urological Association established the Vesicoureteral Reflux Guideline Update Committee in July 2005 to update the management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children guideline. The Panel defined the task into 5 topics pertaining to specific vesicoureteral reflux management issues, which correspond to the management of 3 distinct index patients and the screening of 2 di...

UNLABELLED Prenatal ultrasonography has revolutionized the detection and management of many urological abnormalities. Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) which develops in 10% to 15% of cases of prenatal hydronephrosis, is difficult to predict prenatally. While all children with prenatal hydronephrosis should undergo ultrasonography within the first few weeks of life, there seems to be controversy rega...

Over the past two decades, tremendous progress has been made in the diagnosis, management, and treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), thus changing our understanding of this entity from being surgical to medical disease. VUR is most often identified following investigation for other urinary tract problems such as urinary tract infection (UTI) and prenatal hydronephrosis or in evaluation of a...

The most common cause of lower urinary tract obstruction in male infants is posterior urethral valves. Although the incidence has remained stable, the neonatal mortality for this disorder has improved due to early diagnosis and intensive neonatal care, thanks in part to the widespread use of prenatal ultrasound evaluations. In fact, the most common reason for the diagnosis of posterior urethral...

Hydronephrosis means dilation of the pelvis of the kidney by urine which has accumulated, because of obstruction of the urinary tract at some point distal to the pelvis, most commonly the pelvi-ureteral junction. If the obstruction be at a lower level, the ureter becomes dilated first, and the kidney is involved later. Occasionally the obstruction is confined to one or more of the minor calyces...

Background: The present study was conducted to compare the efficiency of hydronephrosis index (HI) with those of pelvic anteroposterior (AP) diameter and parenchymal thickness in the diagnosis of fetal hydronephrosis in the prenatal period, as well as 1, 6, and 12 months after birth. Methods: This study was conducted on pregnant women with the pregnancy age of > 30 weeks whose fetus was suspect...

BACKGROUND The benefits and harms of continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) versus observation in patients with antenatal hydronephrosis (ANH) are controversial. OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine the effectiveness of CAP for ANH, and if beneficial to determine the best type and regimen of antibiotic and the most harmful to provide guidance for clinical practice. METHODS A systematic liter...

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most commonly diagnosed bacterial infection in infants and children, with a significant consequence on the quality of life and health [1]. Congenital urinary tract abnormalities are the most common cause of UTI in children. The most frequent kidney abnormalities encountered during childhood are: obstructions of urinary tract (urethral valves, ureteropelvic a...