BACKGROUND Bleeding irregularities, such as intermenstrual spotting or heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, are common among copper-containing intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) users and are one of the leading reasons for method discontinuation. This review evaluates the evidence for effective therapeutic and preventive treatments for bleeding irregularities during Cu-IUD use. STUDY DESIGN We se...

Bleeding has always been an alarming clinical symptom in all human societies, and physicians have had varying degrees of success in diagnosing and treating bleeding patients [1]. Because bleeding is part of the human experience, one the most challenging tasks for a physician is to discriminate between “normal” and “pathologic” bleeding. Hemorrhages or bleeds may occur in every tissue and organ....

BACKGROUND The harm benefit analysis (HBA) is the cornerstone of animal research regulation and is considered to be a key ethical safeguard for animals. The HBA involves weighing the anticipated benefits of animal research against its predicted harms to animals but there are doubts about how objective and accountable this process is. OBJECTIVES i. To explore the harms to animals involved in p...

BACKGROUND A major complication associated with cardiac surgery is excessive and prolonged bleeding in the perioperative period. Improving coagulation by inhibiting fibrinolysis, primarily through inhibition of plasmin activity (PLact) with antifibrinolytics such as tranexamic acid (TXA), has been a pharmacological mainstay in cardiac surgical patients. Despite its almost ubiquitous use, the te...

1 H ereditary angioedema (HAE) is a relatively rare disease, with an estimated prevalence of approximately 1 per 50,000 in the general population. Despite its rarity, HAE has become an area of intense interest within the medical community. This interest likely reflects several different aspects of HAE, including: the high potential for significant morbidity and mortality associated with attacks...

As a resource, allogenic blood has never been more in demand than it is today. Escalating elective surgery, shortages arising from a fall in supply, a lack of national blood transfusion services, policies, appropriate infrastructure, trained personnel, and financial resources to support the running of a voluntary nonremunerated donor transfusion service, and old and emerging threats of transfus...

BACKGROUND Menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding) is a benign yet debilitating social and health condition. Treatments prescribed in order to reduce excessive menstrual blood loss include prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, antifibrinolytics, the oral contraceptive pill and other hormones. The combined oral contraceptive pill (OCP) is claimed to have a variety of beneficial, inducing a regular...

Surgical procedures are inevitably associated with bleeding. The amount of blood loss may vary widely between different surgical procedures and depends on surgical as well as non-surgical factors. Whereas adequate surgical haemostasis may suffice in most patients, pro-haemostatic pharmacological agents may be of additional benefit in patients with (diffuse) surgical bleeding or in patients with...

Antifibrinolytic therapy is a pharmacologic cornerstone of multimodal blood conservation program in cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).1Dhir A Tempe DK. Anemia and patient management surgery–Literature review current evidence.J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2018; 32: 2726-2742Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar The administration antifibrinolytic agent...

T rauma is a major cause of death world wide. The major cause of trauma-related death is hemorrhage which can also contribute to multiorgan failure-associated death. It is known that antifibrinolytic agents reduce perioperative blood loss and the need of transfusion (1). Because the haemostatic responses to sur gery and trauma seem to be similar, it was su pposed that tranexamic agent, an antif...