BACKGROUND Lignocellulosic biomass from softwood represents a valuable resource for the production of biofuels and bio-based materials as alternatives to traditional pulp and paper products. Hemicelluloses constitute an extremely heterogeneous fraction of the plant cell wall, as their molecular structures involve multiple monosaccharide components, glycosidic linkages, and decoration patterns. ...

Namazın Mekke’de sabah ve akşam olmak üzere ikişer rekât kılındığına daha sonraları beş vakte çıkarıldığına dair hadis kitaplarında pek çok rivâyet bulunmaktadır. Genel kabul vakit namazın Mi‘rac hadisesini anlatan dikkate alınarak Mi‘rac’dan sonra farz kılındığı yönündedir. Bununla beraber ne zaman başladığı hususunda müfessirler arasında ihtilaflar Nüzûl tertiplerine göre İsrâ’dan önce nâzil ...

The BRAF oncoprotein is mutated in about half of malignant melanomas and other cancers, and a kinase activating single valine to glutamate substitution at residue 600 (BRAF) accounts for over 90% of BRAF-mediated cancers. Several BRAF inhibitors have been developed, although they harbor some liabilities, thus motivating the development of other BRAF inhibitor options. We report here the use of ...

In this issue of Clinical Cancer Research , Ouyang et al. (1) present evidence suggesting that BRAF is a therapeutic target in thyroid cancer. Previous studies have shown that BRAF is mutated in a high proportion of thyroid cancers, but the therapeutic implications of this have not been investigated. In this article, Ouyang et al. show that small-molecule inhibitors of BRAF can block the growth...

1. Methylation analysis of potato (Solanum tuberosum) lectin and thorn-apple (Datura stramonium) lectin confirmed previous conclusions that both glycoproteins contained high proportions of l-arabinofuranosides and lesser amounts of d-galactopyranosides. The arabinofuranosides are present in both lectins as short unbranched chains containing 1-->2- and 1-->3-linkages, which are known to be linke...

Two approaches to the synthesis of 2-chloro-9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine (1, clofarabine) were studied. The first approach consists in the chemical synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-α-D-arabinofuranose-1-phosphate (12a, (2F)Ara-1P) via three step conversion of 1,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-α-D-arabinofuranose (9) into the phosphate 12a without isolation of intermediary pr...

Oncogenic activation of the BRAF serine/threonine kinase has been associated with initiation and maintenance of melanoma tumors. As such, development of pharmacologic agents to target RAF proteins or their effector kinases is an area of intense investigation. Here we report the biological properties of GDC-0879, a highly selective, potent, and orally bioavailable RAF small-molecule inhibitor. W...

RAS mutations occur in more than 30% of all human cancers but efforts to directly target mutant RAS signaling as a cancer therapy have yet to succeed. As alternative strategies, RAF and MEK inhibitors have been developed to block oncogenic signaling downstream of RAS. As might be expected, studies of these inhibitors have indicated that tumors with RAS or BRAF mutations display resistance RAF o...

Interactions between proteins are fundamental for every biological process and especially important in cell signaling pathways. Biochemical techniques that evaluate these protein–protein interactions (PPIs), such as vitro pull downs coimmunoprecipitations, have become popular most laboratories essential to identify validate novel protein binding partners. Most PPIs occur through small domains o...

Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are a family of extracellular plant proteoglycans implicated in many aspects of plant growth and development including in vitro somatic embryogenesis (SE). We found that specific AGPs were produced by cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) calli undergoing SE and that when these AGPs were isolated and incorporated into tissue culture media, cotton SE was promoted. When the ...