This paper fortifies and defends the so called Sufficiency Argument (SA) against Classical Invariantism. In Sect. 2, I explain the version of the SA formulated but then rejected by Brown (2008a). In Sect. 3, I show how cases described by Hawthorne (2004), Brown (2008b), and Lackey (forthcoming) threaten to undermine one or the other of the SA’s least secure premises. In Sect. 4, I buttress one ...

We will call such adjuncts instances of the X or no X construction It was suggested in the middle 1980s by Alexis Manaster-Ramer that well-formed instances of X or no X involve a string X of unbounded length preceding or no, with an exact copy following (for a brief allusion to it in print, see Manaster-Ramer 1986). This claim has received hardly any discussion at all in the subsequent literatu...

although some piecemeal efforts have been made to investigate the validity and use of the iranian phd exam, no systematic project has been specifically carried out in this regard. the current study, hence, tried to attend to this void. as such, to ensure a balanced focus on test interpretation and test consequence, and to track evidence derived from a mixed–method study on the validity of irani...