the purpose of the present paper is to investigate semantic deviation of the holy quran in amal donqol's poetry. deviation is one of the techniques of defamiliarization, and was first introduced by the russian formalists in 1917. constructivist attitude toward literary texts and emphasis on the aesthetic aspects of the literary works led formalists to consider literary language as the main...

Structural and also other formal differences between the translated text original work are analyzed in article. Contradiction meaning has been revealed due to impossibility of translating individual elements which is recognized as inevitable conditions ethnocultural specificity, sets expressive means peculiar different languages. Moreover personality a translator, his experience skills affect c...

Literary history — like the history of any art — involves a special difficulty; it is that of reconciling a general scheme of development and a linear movement in time with the problem of the individual genius who creates new things. That has not been made easier in recent years when New Critics tried to expel the writer from the text, and then Deconstructionists called the very existence of th...

jean racine, the 18th century french author, gave outstanding roles to his female characters. the presence of women in the literary works of racine was so powerful that some referred to him as the founder of female territory in literature. this text draws a comparison between three heroines featured in three racine plays of andromach, britannicus and phedra which are among the remarkable works ...

at the beginning of 20th century, psychology got a special status in contemporary criticism (or critical approaches) through the theories of freud and jung. literary works were being criticized by such approaches on the basis of the text sender (author or poet), after a while, with the rise of other psychological schools – such as gestalt- they started to be criticized on the basis of their inf...