abstract many scholars believe that investment in women’s education not only reduces the gender gap, but also improves and enhances the cultural and educational level of women in the society. furthermore, economists believe that women’s education has a positive effect on their participation in the labor market. education is amongst the most important factors which not only benefits the people ...

Increasingly, policymakers, observers and scholars are calling for including China in nuclear arms-control efforts. Missing from debates, however, is a thorough analysis of Chinese perspectives. Drawing extensively on Chinese-language sources, this article traces the evolution views among strategists experts during last decade. Updating earlier scholarship, we find that most tend to view effort...

Institutional robotics (IR) is an approach to the coordination of multirobot systems that draws inspiration from social sciences, namely from institutional economics. Using the concept of institution, it aims to provide a comprehensive strategy for specifying social interactions (e.g., norms, roles, hierarchies) among robots. In previous work, we have introduced a control methodology for multir...

there is no doubt in the existence of the right to imprisonment in the marriage (nikāḥ) for the wife. that is to say, the wife is entitled to refuse submission until receiving all her dowry in case it is urgent (mu‘ajjal). the question arises here as to what the extent of this right to imprisonment is. does it merely apply to specific submission or does it include general submission, as well? i...

During the past century, discoveries of microorganisms as causes of infections and antibiotics as effective therapeutic agents have contributed to significant gains in public health in many parts of the world. Health agencies worldwide are galvanizing attention toward antibiotic resistance, which is a major threat to public health (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013; World Health ...