The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and autophagy are both essentially involved in the pathomechanisms of various cardiovascular pathologies, eg, cardiac hypertrophy/ load-induced heart disease, ischemic heart disease, or atherosclerosis.1–4 Regarding the RAS, it is commonly accepted that angiotensin II via the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) directly and indirectly (by increasing blood pr...

BACKGROUND Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) have sufficient scientific support for their use as tissue protectors. Preliminary studies suggest that their angiotensin-II type 2 receptor (AT2R)-blocking properties have a beneficial profile in the treatment of neuropathic pain. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the current study was to quantify the ...

Aging is associated with the accumulation of various deleterious changes in cells. According to the free radical and mitochondrial theory of aging, mitochondria initiate most of the deleterious changes in aging and govern life span. The failure of mitochondrial reduction-oxidation (redox) homeostasis and the formation of excessive free radicals are tightly linked to dysregulation in the Renin A...

We examined the contractile responsiveness of rat thoracic aortas under pressure overload after long-term suprarenal abdominal aortic coarctation (lt-Srac). Endothelium-dependent angiotensin II (ANG II) type 2 receptor (AT2R)-mediated depression of contractions to ANG II has been reported in short-term (1 week) pressure-overloaded rat aortas. Contractility was evaluated in the aortic rings of r...

BACKGROUND We have previously documented the finding that central angiotensin type 2 receptors (AT2R) negatively modulate sympathetic outflow and arterial blood pressure (BP). In this study, we investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of Compound 21 (C21), the first selective nonpeptide AT2R agonist, on norepinephrine (NE) excretion and BP in rats. METHODS C21 was in...

Abstract Background and Aims Female rats excrete more urine sodium than male with similar blood pressure (BP). However, it is not clear whether the sex difference in natriuresis conserved menopausal rats. We assessed natriuretic response renal transporter activity ovariectomized female infused angiotensin II (ANGII) could be affected by estrogen supplementation. Method Six-week-old Sprague-Dawl...

Re-epithelialization begins early during skin wound healing and is regulated by various growth factors and cytokines. Angiotensin II promotes the migration of keratinocytes and thereby contributes to wound healing. We investigated the mechanism by which angiotensin II stimulates human keratinocyte migration. Angiotensin II-induced keratinocyte migration was inhibited by an angiotensin II type 1...

Background: Pharmacological treatment from pre-hypertension may benefit to long-term blood pressure and target organ. Purpose: To compare the effects of losartan and amlodipine on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and brain for treatment of pre-hypertension in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). Methods: SHRSP were administered with losartan (6 or 16 weeks, respectively), amlodipi...