UNLABELLED α-Actinin-3 (ACTN3) has been proposed to regulate skeletal muscle differentiation and hypertrophy through its interaction with the signalling protein calcineurin. Since the inhibition of calcineurin potentiates the production of testosterone, we hypothesized that α-actinin-3 deficiency (predicted from the ACTN3 XX genotype) may influence serum levels of testosterone of athletes. OB...

Abstract The measurement of trace elements in nails and hairs has advantages relative to other body tissues they have been increasingly used forensic clinical toxicology as a complementary test. Complementary hair nail analysis can indicate the amount for long periods time. In this study, samples were collected from city Hamedan quantitative elemental concentration was measured by PIXE techniqu...

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most common causes of knee pain and is present in females disproportionately more relative to males. PFPS causes tend to be multifactorial in nature and are described in this review. From a review of the current literature, it is clear that there needs to be further research on PFPS in order to better understand the complex etiology of this diso...