Nuclear interactions between inner zone protons and atoms in the upper atmosphere produce energetic H and He nuclei that are an additional radiation belt source. We calculate production rates of these isotopes from models of the inner zone proton intensity, the upper atmosphere drift averaged composition and densities, and crosssections for the various interaction processes. For comparison with...

The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) Mars orbiter has been gathering information on the Mars upper atmosphere, ionosphere, and solar and solar wind interactions since its orbit insertion in September 2014. MAVEN’s science goals are to understand processes driving the escape of atmospheric gases to space at the present epoch, and their variations with solar and local heliospheric c...

The flux of neutrinos and photons originating from cosmic ray interactions with the interstellar medium in the galaxy is calculated based on current models for high energy particle interactions. The contribution from a possible dark matter halo of the galaxy is considered. The photon flux gets a non-trivial attenuation due to interactions with the cosmic background radiation. The neutrino fluxe...

Abstract. Exchanges of mass, momentum and energy between the ocean atmosphere are large importance in regulating climate system. Here, we apply for first time a relatively novel approach, rate information transfer, to quantify interactions surface lower over period 1988–2017 at monthly timescale. More specifically, investigate dynamical dependencies sea temperature (SST), SST tendency turbulent...

The terrestrial biosphere interacts with the free atmosphere through exchange of momentum, energy and mass [...]