W e have all probably felt that way at some point in our lives, whether in our personal matters, in business, or in our medical profession. This statement seems to apply to the story of Sandy Koufax, one of the best all-time pitchers in the history of professional baseball. Sandy Koufax was forced to retire in 1966 during the peak of his career due to severe elbow pain. He has reportedly said t...

The Traveling Tournament Problem (TTP) is a wellknown NP-complete problem in sports scheduling that was inspired by the application of optimizing schedules for Major League Baseball to reduce total team travel. The techniques and heuristics from the n-team TTP can be extended to optimize the scheduling of other sports leagues, such as the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) league in Japan. In t...

In 1998, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) took steps to develop a scientific test methodology to measure and to control baseball bat performance. The resulting standard uses a hitting machine that pitches a ball at a moving bat to measure the BESR (Ball Exit Speed Ratio). Concurrently, the governing body for amateur baseball in Japan developed a test protocol for controlling ...

In our daily lives, we use faces as a major source of information about other people. Recent work has begun to highlight how one's facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) is linked to a number of behaviours (e.g. deception, aggression and financial performance in firms). fWHR has also been linked to several factors that may be beneficial for sport (e.g. achievement drive, winning mentality and aggr...

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of bunt training employing monocular vision on kinetic and dynamic visual acuity and bunt performance in collegiate baseball players. Thirtyfour collegiate male baseball players participated in this study as subjects. Subjects were divided into two groups: Pitcher group (n: 7) and Training group (n: 27). The training group performed special bu...

Good performance in the sport of baseball shows that humans can determine the trajectory of a moving object and act on it under the constraint of a rule. We report here on neuronal activity in the supplementary eye field (SEF) of monkeys performing an eye movement task inspired by baseball. In "ocular baseball," a pursuit eye movement to a target is executed or withheld based on the target's tr...

Pay fairness and human capital theories make different predictions about trainees’ occupational turnover in situations where trainees perceive unfair pay but receive huge potential returns from training. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine how investment combined explain why are motivated persist employment when they pay. Cross-sectional survey data 144 minor league baseball pla...

This paper presents visually enhanced sports entertainment applications: AR Baseball Presentation System and Interactive AR Bowling System. We utilize vision-based augmented reality for getting immersive feeling. First application is an observation system of a virtual baseball game on the tabletop. 3D virtual players are playing a game on a real baseball field model, so that users can observe t...

Are Voluntary Agreements Better? Evidence from Baseball Arbitration This paper empirically examines the widespread belief that voluntarily negotiated agreements produce better long-run relationships than third-party imposed settlements, such as arbitrator decisions or court judgments. Two key outcomes are analyzed – subsequent player performance and the durability of club-player relationship. M...

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting brand awareness of virtual advertising in sports. Specifically, the study tested the effects of animation, repetition, baseball involvement, and team identification. An experiment using two Latin square designs was conducted to assess the effects of these factors on awareness levels. Results indicated no effect of animation, while e...