A gain graph is a graph whose oriented edges are labelled invertibly from a group G, the gain group. A gain graph determines a biased graph and therefore has three natural matroids (as shown in Parts I–II): the bias matroid G has connected circuits; the complete lift matroid L0 and its restriction to the edge set, the lift matroid L, have circuits not necessarily connected. We investigate repre...

A multiary (polyadic, n-ary) quasigroup is an n-ary operation which is invertible with respect to each of its variables. A biased expansion of a graph is a kind of branched covering graph with additional structure similar to combinatorial homotopy of circles. A biased expansion of a circle with chords encodes a multiary quasigroup, the chords corresponding to factorizations, i.e., associative s...

Contrastive Divergence (CD) learning is frequently applied to Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs), the building blocks of deep believe networks. It relies on biased approximations of the log-likelihood gradient. This bias can deteriorate the learning process. It was claimed that the signs of most components of the CD update are equal to the corresponding signs of the log-likelihood gradient. T...

Econometric methods can be helpful when one is trying to understand the nature of competition between products in differentiated products industries, an issue that arises in many competition policy contexts. However, misspecification of the consumer demand system can result in biased econometric results and misleading conclusions. We discuss some considerations that go into choosing a demand sy...

We present a new test generation procedure for sequential circuits using newly traversed state and newly defectedfault inforination obtained between successive iterations of vector compaction. Two types of techniques are considered. One is based on which new states a sequential circuit is driven into, and the other is based on the new faults that are detected in the circuit between consecutive ...

Errors and variations in interpretation can happen in clinical imaging. Few studies have examined the biased effect of clinical information on reporting of brain CT scans. In a blinded double crossover design, we studied whether three radiologists were biased by clinical information when making CT scan diagnosis of the brain. Three consultant radiologists in three rounds with at least a one...

Sex-dependent pituitary growth hormone (GH) secretory patterns determine the sex-biased expression of >1,000 genes in mouse and rat liver, affecting lipid and drug metabolism, inflammation, and disease. A fundamental biological question is how robust differential expression can be achieved for hundreds of sex-biased genes simply based on the GH input signal pattern: pulsatile GH stimulation in ...

Fitness depends not only on resource uptake but also on the allocation of these resources to various life history functions. This study explores the life-history consequences of larval diet in terms not only of larval performance but also of adult body composition and reproductive traits in the forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hübner). Caterpillars were reared on their preferred tre...