The injection of pregnant mice with 5 mg oestradiol dipropionate induced a high proportion of bilateral cryptorchidism in the male offspring. The ectopic testes were reduced in size and occupied one of three different positions in the abdomen: pararenal, paravesicular or inguinal. The seminal vesicles were found to be similarly reduced in size whereas the adrenals and pituitaries appeared to be...

background: external genital anomalies are the most common congenital disorders in male infants with unknown etiology in the majority of cases. according to recent reports, incidence rate of these anomalies is rising in different countries. this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of external genital anomalies and possible underlying factors in male newborns. methods: this cross-sectional st...

BACKGROUND: Disruption of testicular function and arrest ofspermatogenesis are the consequence of cryptorchidism inresponse to elevated temperature. OBJECTIVES:This investigationwas set to clarify the possible ghrelin efficacy in altering somesperm quality parameters upon experimentally-induced cryptorchidism.METHODS: Thirty male adult rats were scheduled for thestudy and were divided into thre...

BACKGROUND The etiologies of the male urogenital anomalies--cryptorchidism and hypospadias--are poorly understood. Given positive associations between chlordane isomers and testicular germ cell tumors, it is reasonable to assume that chlordanes might also be associated with other testicular dysgenesis syndrome disorders, namely cryptorchidism and hypospadias. OBJECTIVE To examine whether expo...

Cryptorchidism refers to incomplete descend of the testes into the scrotum with the testes located in the normal tracts. The incident is 3-5% among infants born at term. The complications are infertility and testicular cancer. Cryptorchidism has a multifactorial aetiology and the role of exon 13 lgr8 gene polymorphism remains unclear. This study aims to find the frequency polymorphism of exon 1...

BACKGROUND Maternal gestational smoking, diabetes, alcohol drinking, and pre-pregnancy obesity are thought to increase the risk of cryptorchidism in newborn males, but the evidence is inconsistent. METHOD We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on the association between maternal gestational smoking, diabetes, alcohol drinking, and pre-pregnancy obesity and the risk of c...

Mutations in FGFR1, GNRHR, PROK2, PROKR2, TAC3, or TACR3 underlie isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) with clinically variable phenotypes, and, by causing incomplete intrauterine activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, may lead to cryptorchidism. To investigate the role of defects in these genes in the etiology of isolated cryptorchidism, we screened coding exons and exo...

Prospective clinical studies have suggested that the rate of congenital cryptorchidism has increased since the 1950s. It has been hypothesized that this may be related to environmental factors. Testicular descent occurs in two phases controlled by Leydig cell-derived hormones insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) and testosterone. Disorders in fetal androgen production/action or suppression of Insl3 a...

Little is known on environmental risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias, which are among the most frequent congenital abnormalities. The aim of our study was to identify risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias, with a focus on potential endocrine disruptors in parental diet and occupation. In a case-control study nested within a cohort of 8,698 male births, we compared 78 crypt...

OBJECTIVE Testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) comprises testicular germ cell cancer, cryptorchidism and some cases of male infertility and hypospadias, which can be linked to impairment of intrauterine gonadal development. Among histological signs of TDS, large Leydig cell (LC) clusters (micronodules) are frequently present. This study aimed to investigate possible associations of LC micronodu...