A 63-year-old woman with compensated HCV-induced liver cirrhosis underwent a right hepatectomy through thoracophrenolaparotomy due to a giant hydatid cyst (segments 6, 7, 8) in 1977, which developed an external biliary fistula complication from 1980 on. Twenty-six years after hepatectomy, at the time of external biliary fistula close, she showed expectoration of bile, and bronchoscopy discovere...

Enterobiliary fistula is an unusual complication of cholelithiasis. It has also been reported in ulcerative colitis, abdominal trauma, Crohn’s disease, and malignancy of the bowel, the head of the pancreas, and the biliary tract. Cholecysto-duodenal fistulas are the most frequent (75%), and only 10–20% are cholecysto-colonic. The majority of patients with cholecysto-colonic fistulae are females...

Esophageal atresia (EA) is the most common type of gastrointestinal atresia. The most common variant (type C) consists of a blind esophageal pouch with a fistula between the trachea and the distal esophagus. Surgical repair can be complicated by the development of benign stricture. Most strictures are amenable to dilation, but refractory strictures may require surgical intervention. A 24-month-...