Taxonomists classify biological specimens into groups (taxa) on the basis of similarities between their observed features ('characters'). The description of these 'characters' is therefore central to taxonomy, but there is currently no agreed model, defined terminology nor methodology for composing these descriptions. This lack of a common conceptual model, together with the individualistic wor...

An infestation of Cicadatra persica KirKaldy (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) on apple trees, Malus domestica Borkhausen (Rosales: Rosaceae), was reported for the first time in the apple fruit orchards of Erneh, Syria. Nymphs, adults, exuvia, and exit holes in the soil were observed. The species was identified as C. persica based on morphological characters. Some biological observations and an acoustic a...

Twenty-two fetal and two calf strains of spirilla have been studied chiefly with regard to the problem of identity. Twenty-one fetal strains are probably specifically the same. One fetal strain differs slightly from these, but in its agglutination affinities it belongs to the same group. Of two strains isolated from calves one has definite agglutination relations with the fetal strains, the oth...

Patterns of intraspecific geographic variation in morphology and behaviour, when examined in a phylogenetic context, can provide insight into the microevolutionary processes driving population divergence and ultimately speciation. In the present study, we quantified behavioural and phenotypic variation among populations from genetically divergent regions in the Central American treefrog, Dendro...

UNLABELLED The recognition of gene/protein names in literature is one of the pivotal steps in the processing of biological literatures for information extraction or data mining. We have compiled a lexicon of biomedical words (conserved patterns/ potential motifs) which has the combination of only 20 alphabets of amino acids. The remaining 6 letters of the English alphabets (B, J, O, U, X, Z) ar...

Following in the footsteps of Homer, both Iliad and Odyssey, Herodotus Halicarnassus gives women a very conspicuous presence only work attributed to him, known as Histories. Usually, who appear his are directly related prominent male characters. In this respect, daughterhood is one most distinct roles played by Herodotus’ Twelve actively involved narrative written author identified daughters ki...

The supraspecific classification of the genus Culex has remained virtually unchanged since the monumental work of Edwards (1932), Some groups of this genus with limited regional distributions have more recently been critically examined in light of modern taxonomic concepts (for example: Colless (1965) re-evaluated the subgenus Lophoceraomyia in Malaya not only with consideration to adult and im...

It is known that genes which code functionally related proteins tend to be closely located each other on genomes. This property helps us to research functionally unknown genes. Transmembrane proteins (TMPs), which account for 20-30% of proteomes, exist in the biological membrane and have essential roles in transmission of materials and information through the membrane. We are interested in how ...

Coccolithophores are a group of calcifying unicellular algae that constitute a major fraction of oceanic primary productivity, play an important role in the global carbon cycle, and are key biostratigraphic marker fossils. Their taxonomy is primarily based on the morphology of the minute calcite plates, or coccoliths, covering the cell. These are diverse and include widespread fine scale variat...