The use of antidepressants in treatment of depression in course of bipolar disorders (BD) is controversial. In case of no improvement during monotherapy with mood stabilizer, the use of antidepressants is often necessary. The safety of this group (in context of phase change, mixed states and rapid cycling) is essential and is the subject of many research. In the paper, the authors review the li...

The diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) has been inconsistent and frequently misunderstood in recent years. To identify the causes of this problem and suggest possible solutions, we undertook a critical review of studies concerning the nosology of BD and the effects of antidepressant agents. Both the underdiagnosis of BD and its frequent misdiagnosis as unipolar major depressive di...

Correspondence to: Dalibor Karlović, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center Sestre milosrdnice, Vinogradska cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb email: [email protected] Introduction Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex psychiatric entity, which represents a diagnostic as well as a therapeutic challenge in clinical practice. The very definition and classification of BD is determined by a...

BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone plays a role in both serotonin and catecholamine functions in the brain, and has been linked to abnormal mood states in bipolar disorder. Unlike most studies which have included only patients with bipolar I, this study evaluated triiodothyronine (T3) as an augmentation agent for treatment-resistant depression in patients with bipolar II and bipolar disorder NOS. MET...

background: psycho-education is now considered as part of the integrated treatment for bipolar disorder. this study aimed to determine the efficacy of group psycho-education on medication adherence and global functioning of patients with bipolar disorder type i. methods: 45 patients with bipolar disorder type i were allocated one of the three groups of psycho-education plus pharmacotherapy, pha...

objective: to study the prevalence and demographic characteristics of mood disorders among iranian adults. method: in this cross-sectional population-based epidemiological study (age > 18) in iran, 25180 individuals were selected through a randomized cluster sampling method for a diagnosis using the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia (sads). they were then interviewed at home by...

OBJECTIVE Little is known about the neurobiology of bipolar II disorder. While bipolar I disorder is associated with abnormally elevated activity in response to reward in the ventral striatum, a key component of reward circuitry, no studies have compared reward circuitry function in bipolar I and bipolar II disorders. Furthermore, associations among reward circuitry activity, reward sensitivity...

Bipolar disorder (BD) is one of the most difficult to diagnose among all psychiatric disorders. BD is often misdiagnosed as recurrent depressive disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety or personality disorders. In 40% of patients BD is not detected at the first examination and in 2/3 of cases the proper diagnosis is made after about 10 years. The consequence of this condition is inadequate treatment l...

INTRODUCTION The aims of this study were to determine the frequency of adult attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comorbidity in bipolar patients and to investigate the influence of this comorbidity on the clinical characteristics of bipolar disorder (BD). METHOD A total of 135 patients with BD type I and II and BD not otherwise specified were included in this study. First, the...