Dispersion of light waves is well known, but the subject deserves some comments. Certain classical equations do not fully respect causality; as an example, group velocity v g usually given first derivative angular frequency ? with to spatial k m (or wavenumber) in medium, whereas it that depends on . This paper also emphasizes use phase index n and , inverse their respective velocities, normali...

the aim of this study was to develop a microemulsion system as a medium for laccase-catalyzed reactions. phase behavior studies were conducted by constructing partial pseudo-ternary phase diagrams for systems comprising of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (ctab), various organic solvents as the oil phase (i.e., hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, octane, isooctane, toluene, isopropyl myristate), two co...

We systematically study different approaches to introduce high birefringence and high polarization extinction ratio in hollow core antiresonant fibers. Having shown the ineffectiveness of elliptical cores to induce large birefringence in hollow core fibers, we focus on designing and optimizing polarization maintaining Hollow Core Nested Antiresonant Nodeless Fibers (HC-NANF). In a first approac...

A variational analysis of dynamics of soliton solution of coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations with oscillating terms is made, considering a birefringent fiber with a third-order nonlinearity in the anomalous dispersion frequency region. This theoretical model predicts optical soliton oscillations in lossy fibers. 1. Introduction. The propagation of bright solitons in birefringent optical fi...

A density matrix treatment of the time evolution of the third order polarization response describing the optical heterodyne detected (OHD) transient birefringence and dichroism excited by ultrafast pulses is given. The relationship between frequency domain (Raman scattering) and time domain (pump-probe) spectroscopies is revealed by this pathway explicit description. Constructive and destructiv...

Semiconductor spin lasers are distinguished from their conventional counterparts by the presence of spin-polarized carriers. The transfer angular momentum carriers to photons provides important opportunities for operation lasers. With injection carriers, which lead circularly polarized light, polarization emitted light can be changed an order magnitude faster than its intensity. This ultrafast ...