This paper establishes the Black Scholes formula in the martingale, risk-neutral valuation framework. The intent is two-fold. One, to serve as an introduction to expectation pricing and two, to examine this framework in explicit mathematical detail. The reader is assumed to have fluent background in the mathematical theory of stochastic processes and calculus, but is not assumed to have backgro...

Motivated by the work of Segal and Segal in [16] on the Black-Scholes pricing formula in the quantum context, we study a quantum extension of the BlackScholes equation within the context of Hudson-Parthasarathy quantum stochastic calculus,. Our model includes stock markets described by quantum Brownian motion and Poisson process. 1. The Merton-Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model An option is a t...

To provide one motivation for the development of ARCH models (next handout), we briefly discuss here some difficulties associated with the Black Scholes formula, which is widely used to calculate the price of an option. For example, consider a European call option for a stock. This is the right to buy a specific number of shares of a specific stock on a specific date in the future, at a specifi...

We introduce a new class of strategies for hedging derivative securities in the presence of transaction costs assuming lognormal continuous time prices for the underlying asset We do not assume necessarily that the payo is convex as in Leland or that transaction costs are small compared to the price changes between portfolio adjustments as in Hoggard Whalley and Wilmott The type of hedging stra...

Installment options are path-dependent contingent claims in which the premium is paid discretely or continuously in installments, instead of paying a lump sum at the time of purchase. This paper deals with valuing European continuous-installment options written on dividend-paying assets in the standard Black-Scholes-Merton framework. The valuation of installment options can be formulated as a f...

The contract is described and market examples given. Essential theoretical developments are introduced and cited chronologically. The principles and techniques of hedging and unique pricing are illustrated for the two simplest nontrivial examples: the classical Black-Scholes/Merton/Margrabe exchange option model brought somewhat upto-date from its form three decades ago, and a lesser exponentia...