abstract background a vast variety of factors may cause recurrent pregnancy loss. blood group incompatibility of parents could cause abortion. the examination of couples or twins, blood groups showed that the blood group incompatibility can affect adversely the outcome of pregnancy. couples with blood group incompatibility are more involved in spontaneous miscarriage. antigenes in two different...

the frequencies of the different blood group antigens vary sigBlood group antigens are polymorphisms of proteins and carbohydrates on the surface of red blood cells (RBC) with the distribution of alleles varying between different ethnic groups and populations. By using the genetic information provided by the human genome project, the molecular basis of most blood group genes encoding blood grou...

T he Rh blood group system is one of the most polymorphic and antigenic blood group systems. It is second only to ABO in importance in blood transfusion and is well known as a primary cause of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). The principal antigen is D, and the terms Rh positive and Rh negative refer to the presence or absence of D antigen. Caucasians of European extraction ha...

Although automation was introduced into biochemistry in 1957 (Skeggs, 1957), it was not until 1963 that McNeil, Helrick, and Ferrari (1963) first described a mechanized technique forABO grouping. This was followed a few months later by a method employing the AutoAnalyzer continuous flow principle by which up to 40 samples per hour could be both ABO and Rh (D) grouped (Sturgeon, Cedergren, and M...