The receptor-activator of nuclear kappaB ligand (RANKL) signaling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of bone growth and mediates the formation and activation of osteoclasts. Osteoclasts are involved in significant bone resorption and destruction. Denosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody against RANKL that specifically inhibits osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption....

chondromyxoid fibroma (cmf) is a rare benign cartilaginous tumor with a predilection for the bones of lower extremities and about one fourth of the tumors involve the foot.radiologically, an eccentric lytic lesion with well defined margins is seen in the metaphysis of the bone. we hereby, report an 18 yr old young male who presented to orthopedic outpatient department, jn medical college, aliga...

Human prostate cancer frequently metastasizes to bone, where it gives rise to osteoblastic bone metastases with an underlying osteoclastic component and subsequent bone pain. However, the importance of osteoclastogenesis in the development of prostate cancer bone lesions in humans is unclear. Osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor re...

Primary sacral tumors are rare, accounting for approximately 5–7% of all spinal tumors [1]. Metastases are the most common malignant tumors of the sacrum and can be derived from lung, breast, kidney, prostate, head and neck, gastrointestinal, or skin (melanoma) cancers [2, 3, 62]. Primary benign and malignant tumors of the sacrum may arise from bone or neural elements or the bone marrow in case...

Primary bone tumors of the jaw are rare. The neoplastic cells in these tumors are the osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The gnathic bone tumors have also been referred to as borderline. The clinicopathologic approach towards these bony lesions have been reviewed.

primary myeloid sacrom (ms) is a rare tumor and even more rare in multiple organs with no evidence of bone marrow involvement. this report describes an unusual case of a 19-year-old male presenting scrotal ms with a history of subconjunctival ms, 5 months ago. bone marrow biopsies showed no evidence of acute leukemia. despite radiotherapy for first involvement and chemotherapy for second presen...

ewing’s sarcoma is a round cell malignancy of bone and soft tissue that occurs predominately in adolescents and young adults.it is an uncommon malignancy, but is recognized as the second most prevalent primary bone tumor worldwide. extraosseous ewing’s sarcoma is extremely rare and can affect the skin, soft tissues, or viscera. prognostic and therapeutic features of ewing’s extraosseous tumors ...

Giant cell tumor of the bone (GCTOB) is a relatively uncommon tumor of the bone. It is characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells. Giant-cell tumor of the bone accounts for 4-5% of primary bone tumors and ∼20% of benign bone tumors. Giant cell tumors of the hand are rare, accounting for only 2-4% of all giant cell tumors. Giant cell tumor (GCT) of the bones of the hand has some...