Pine cones fold their scales when it rains to prevent seeds from short-distance dispersal. Given that the scales of pine cones consist of nothing but dead cells, this folding motion is evidently related to structural changes. In this study, the structural characteristics of pine cones are studied on micro-/macro-scale using various imaging instruments. Raindrops fall along the outer scales to t...

We prove the exponential law A(E × F,G) ∼= A(E,A(F,G)) (bornological isomorphism) for the following classes A of test functions: B (globally bounded derivatives), W∞,p (globally p-integrable derivatives), S (Schwartz space), B[M ] (globally Denjoy–Carleman), W [M ],p (Sobolev– Denjoy–Carleman), and S [M ] [L] (Gelfand–Shilov). Here E,F,G are convenient vector spaces (finite dimensional in the c...

Hyperbolicity cones are convex algebraic cones arising from hyperbolic polynomials. A well-understood subclass of hyperbolicity cones is that of spectrahedral cones and it is conjectured that every hyperbolicity cone is spectrahedral. In this paper we prove a weaker version of this conjecture by showing that every smooth hyperbolicity cone is the linear projection of a spectrahedral cone, that ...

Neurons were grown on plastic surfaces that were untreated, or treated with polylysine, laminin, or L1 and their growth cones were detached from their culture surface by applying known forces with calibrated glass needles. This detachment force was taken as a measure of the force of adhesion of the growth cone. We find that on all surfaces, lamellipodial growth cones require significantly great...

PURPOSE To quantify the whole population of S- and L-cones in the albino (Sprague-Dawley, SD) and pigmented (Piebald Virol Glaxo, PVG) rats and to study their topographical distribution within the retina. METHODS Retinal radial sections and whole-mounted retinas were double immunodetected with antibodies against UV-sensitive and L-opsins to detect the S- and L-cones, respectively. Two automat...

Several studies have indicated that the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) loses ultraviolet (UV) sensitivity and the associated UV-sensitive corner cones when the animal transforms from a small (parr) juvenile to a larger, silver-coloured, smolt. Similar changes supposedly take place when parr juveniles are treated with thyroid hormone (T(4)) or retinoic acid. In contrast to previous investig...

The aim of this study is to characterize calbindin-positive photoreceptors and their opsin content in the retina of nocturnal prosimians (Microcebus murinus), New World monkeys (Callithrix jacchus), Old World monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), and humans. To identify the calbindin and opsin content of cones, combined multiple labeling with different fluorescent probes, antibodies directed against c...

Histologic examination of the retina in comet goldfish 11 cm long (nose to base of tail) reveals at least six distinct varieties of cones. Unequal double cones (DC) comprise long (LD) and short (SD) members which differ in form as well as length. Long single (LS) cones are similar in length and form to SD cones. Although evidence indicates that there are two subpopulations of LS cones, normally...

Since the early 1970's there have been many papers devoted to tangent cones and their applications to optimization. Much of the debate over which tangent cone is \best" has centered on the properties of Clarke's tangent cone and whether other cones have these properties. In this paper it is shown that there are an innnite number of tangent cones with some of the nicest properties of Clarke's co...