Lateral field emission devices have been characterized and degradation tested for >1000 h to study stability reliability. Two types of planar device structures, diode bowtie, were studied. These nanoscale 10–20 nm tip or collector dimensions with the tips fabricated from Au/Ti. Typical currents 2–6 nA at 6 V measured. The placed on lifetime tests in a vacuum <10−8 Torr biased DC h. Seven total ...

In an effort to better understand the formation and evolution of barred galaxies, we have examined the properties of equatorial orbits in the effective potential of one specific model of a rapidly rotating, steady-state gas-dynamical bar that has been constructed via a self-consistent hydrodynamical simulation. At a given value of the Jacobi constant, roughly half of all test particles (stars) ...

In this paper, the bowtie method was utilized by a multidisciplinary team in Federal Board of Supreme Audit (FBSA)for purpose managing corruption risks threatening Iraqi construction sector. Corruption Iraq is widespread phenomenon that threatens to degrade society and halt wheel economic development, so it must be reduced through appropriate strategies. A total eleven have been identified invo...

101 THIS TWO-PART FEATURE BEGAN with a discussion of why unconventional left-turn alternatives hold promise for the relief of congested urban and suburban arterials. Part One, which was printed in the September 1998 issue of ITE Journal on pages 26–29, also described three unconventional alternatives—the median U-turn, the bowtie and the superstreet. This part discusses four more alternatives.