Circadian rhythms in mammals are regulated by a system of endogenous circadian oscillators (clock cells) in the brain and in most peripheral organs and tissues. One group of clock cells in the hypothalamic SCN (suprachiasmatic nuclei) functions as a pacemaker for co-ordinating the timing of oscillators elsewhere in the brain and body. This master clock can be reset and entrained by daily LD (li...

Drosophila melanogaster display overt circadian rhythms in rest:activity behavior and eclosion. These rhythms have an endogenous period of approximately 24 hr and can adjust or "entrain" to environmental inputs such as light. Circadian rhythms depend upon a functioning molecular clock that includes the core clock genes period and timeless (reviewed in and ). Although we know that a clock in the...

Increasing evidence suggests that disrupted temporal organization impairs behavior, cognition, and affect; further, disruption of circadian clock genes impairs sleep-wake cycle and social rhythms which may be implicated in mental disorders. Despite this strong evidence, a gap in understanding the neural mechanisms of this interaction obscures whether biological rhythms disturbances are the unde...

The mammalian cerebral cortex generates a variety of rhythmic oscillations, detectable directly from the cortex or the scalp. Recent non-invasive recordings from intact humans, by means of neuromagnetometers with large sensor arrays, have shown that several regions of the healthy human cortex have their own intrinsic rhythms, typically 8-40 Hz in frequency, with modality- and frequency-specific...

All organisms have evolved photodetection systems to synchronize their physiology and behavior with the external light-dark (LD) cycles. In nonmammalian vertebrates, the retina, the pineal organ, and the deep brain can be photoreceptive. Inner retinal photoreceptors transmit photic information to the brain and regulate diverse nonvisual tasks. We previously reported that even after preventing e...

Traumatic live events comprise the etiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD patients are known to face adverse impacts on their mental and physical health. Symptoms concern relating include heightened anxiety levels, intrusive memories, nightmares, problems with sleeping. Disrupted sleep leads exhausted brain function that impedes daily activities individuals perceived quality li...

The classification of transient timevarying electroencephalography (EEG) is quite important for further understanding the brain function. In order to classify different kinds of nonstationary EEG rhythms, wavelet packet analysis is used for designing sub-band filters with specified band-passed characteristics. Four kinds of wavelet packet decomposition using Daubechies wavelet are employed to i...

The memory theorist Endel Tulving referred to the ability to search through one's memories, and revisit events and episodes from one's past, as mental time travel. This process involves the reactivation of past mental states reflecting the perceptual and conceptual characteristics of the original experience. Widely distributed neural circuitry is engaged in the service of memory search, and the...

Glasgow University Laboratory of Phonetics (School of Critical Studies), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK English Language and Linguistics (School of European Culture and Languages), University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NF, UK University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland Don Wright Faculty of Music, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7 IMHSD, Reid School o...

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the mammalian hypothalamus has been referred to as the master circadian pacemaker that drives daily rhythms in behavior and physiology. There is, however, evidence for extra-SCN circadian oscillators. Neural tissues cultured from rats carrying the Per-luciferase transgene were used to monitor the intrinsic Per1 expression patterns in different brain areas an...